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to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 30/34 (kappa 0.74) for quantum key distribution, 16/17 (0.88) for quantum networks, 20/24 (0.52) for quantum teleportation, 27/29 (0.79) for quantum computing, 19/21 (0.70) for quantum sensing, 27/30 (0.52) for post-quantum cryptography and 16/16 (1.00) for faster-than-light messaging; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there", "candidates": [ { "doc_id": "2237004", "index": 3, "text": "Not only do these links require careful maintenance and calibration to ensure quantum-coherence, compared to classical approaches, these systems are not portable and cannot be used for key distribution over public or unsecured channels.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "2237004", "index": 11, "text": "In this manner, the state of the timers cannot be reverse engineered. 2.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2322891", "index": 3, "text": "Yet many of the existing techniques for producing quantum light are limited by their random production of photons in time or poor rate of photon production, and, they largely operate in free space.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "2322891", "index": 6, "text": "This project intends to realize \u2018nanoscale emitter dock\u2019 to simultaneously overcome two outstanding challenges for quasi-atom non-classical light sources - rapid and precise integration of an emitter alongside emission enhancement (trap and enhance) at room temperature.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2322891", "index": 12, "text": "This manipulation (and the overall proposed device structure) is also general, and not dependent upon the properties of any emitter, solving existing heterogeneous integration challenges.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2322892", "index": 3, "text": "Yet many of the existing techniques for producing quantum light are limited by their random production of photons in time or poor rate of photon production, and, they largely operate in free space.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "2322892", "index": 6, "text": "This project intends to realize \u2018nanoscale emitter dock\u2019 to simultaneously overcome two outstanding challenges for quasi-atom non-classical light sources - rapid and precise integration of an emitter alongside emission enhancement (trap and enhance) at room temperature.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2322892", "index": 12, "text": "This manipulation (and the overall proposed device structure) is also general, and not dependent upon the properties of any emitter, solving existing heterogeneous integration challenges.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2503630", "index": 6, "text": "It also strengthens ties between universities and local industries, showing how federal investment can spark innovation, improve lives, and inspire the next generation to tackle big challenges with creative solutions.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2503631", "index": 6, "text": "It also strengthens ties between universities and local industries, showing how federal investment can spark innovation, improve lives, and inspire the next generation to tackle big challenges with creative solutions.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2522101", "index": 1, "text": "However, current quantum hardware is noisy, error-prone, and inefficient, making the reliable distribution of entanglement -- the key resource powering these applications -- a formidable challenge.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "2522101", "index": 11, "text": "To overcome the high computational cost of training, the framework will leverage a combination of high-fidelity simulations for validation and newly developed, efficient surrogate models for both quantum state dynamics and network-level control logic.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "2522101", "index": 14, "text": "The research will explicitly address critical challenges in applying RL to quantum networks, such as state-space explosion, sparse and non-additive rewards, and the generation of deployable policies that operate with local knowledge.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "2540189", "index": 6, "text": "It also strengthens ties between universities and local industries, showing how federal investment can spark innovation, improve lives, and inspire the next generation to tackle big challenges with creative solutions.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W1982892759", "index": 6, "text": "Despite the major advantages of FSO technology and variety of its application areas, its widespread use has been hampered by its rather disappointing link reliability particularly in long ranges due to atmospheric turbulence-induced fading and sensitivity to weather conditions.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W1982892759", "index": 7, "text": "In the last five years or so, there has been a surge of interest in FSO research to address these major technical challenges.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W1988134541", "index": 2, "text": "Recent experimental progress and remaining challenges are surveyed as are the latest developments in quantum hacking and countermeasures.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W1988134541", "index": 6, "text": "After briefly introducing recent experimental progress and challenges, we survey the latest developments in quantum hacking and countermeasures against it.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2056086109", "index": 1, "text": "While established uncertainty relations apply to cases where the predictions are based on purely classical data (e.g., a description of the system's state before measurement), an extended relation which remains valid in the presence of quantum information has been proposed recently [Berta et al., Nature Phys. 6, 659 (2010)].", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2056086109", "index": 5, "text": "Our security claim remains valid even if the implemented measurement devices deviate arbitrarily from the theoretical model.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2086496217", "index": 7, "text": "We conclude with a discussion of the main challenges and perspectives for employing diamond emitters in quantum information processing.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2170240091", "index": 3, "text": "Another challenge is that most security proofs are very sensitive to small differences between the physical devices used by the protocol and the theoretical model used to describe them.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "W2214536953", "index": 0, "text": "Despite the tremendous progress of quantum cryptography, efficient quantum communication over long distances (\u2265 1000 km) remains an outstanding challenge due to fiber attenuation and operation errors accumulated over the entire communication distance.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "W2214536953", "index": 3, "text": "Here we present the first systematic comparison of three generations of quantum repeaters by evaluating the cost of both temporal and physical resources, and identify the optimized quantum repeater architecture for a given set of experimental parameters for use in quantum key distribution.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W2473315843", "index": 1, "text": "Nonetheless, before QKD can be widely adopted, it faces a number of important challenges such as secret key rate, distance, size, cost and practical security.", "kept_by": [ "truth", "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W2473315843", "index": 2, "text": "Here, we survey those key challenges and the approaches that are currently being taken to address them.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2948602808", "index": 4, "text": "Next we consider aspects of device independence, satellite challenges, and protocols based on continuous-variable systems.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2962912624", "index": 2, "text": "This central question dates back to the early 1990s when the challenge of achieving device-independent quantum key distribution was first formulated.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2962912624", "index": 3, "text": "We answer this challenge by rigorously proving the device-independent security of a slight variant of Ekert's original entanglement-based protocol against the most general (coherent) attacks.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W3008629526", "index": 3, "text": "Next we consider aspects of device independence, satellite challenges, and highrate protocols based on continuous variable systems.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W3090453402", "index": 4, "text": "This article surveys previously applied methods, showing techniques for deploying QKD networks and current challenges of QKD networking.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W4288052074", "index": 3, "text": "The realization of DIQKD, however, is extremely challenging\u2014mainly because it is difficult to establish high-quality entangled states between two remote locations with high detection efficiency.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "W4378214526", "index": 1, "text": "With its security being protected by principles of quantum mechanics, some technology challenges remain towards practical application of QKD.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W4378214526", "index": 2, "text": "The major one is the distance limit, which is caused by the fact that a quantum signal cannot be amplified while the channel loss is exponential with the distance for photon transmission in optical fiber.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] } ], "records": { "truth": [ { "kind": "physical", "statement": "Not only do these links require careful maintenance and calibration to ensure quantum-coherence, compared to classical approaches, these systems are not portable and cannot be used for key distribution over public or unsecured channels.", "source": "nsf", "doc_id": "2237004", "published": "2022-09-15", "source_sentence": "Not only do these links require careful maintenance and calibration to ensure quantum-coherence, compared to classical approaches, these systems are not portable and cannot be used for key distribution over public or unsecured channels." }, { "kind": "physical", "statement": "Yet many of the existing techniques for producing quantum light are limited by their random production of photons in time or poor rate of photon production, and, they largely operate in free space.", "source": "nsf", "doc_id": "2322891", "published": "2023-07-26", "source_sentence": "Yet many of the existing techniques for producing quantum light are limited by their random production of photons in time or poor rate of photon production, and, they largely operate in free space." }, { "kind": "physical", "statement": "Yet many of the existing techniques for producing quantum light are limited by their random production of photons in time or poor rate of photon production, and, they largely operate in free space.", "source": "nsf", "doc_id": "2322892", "published": "2023-07-26", "source_sentence": "Yet many of the existing techniques for producing quantum light are limited by their random production of photons in time or poor rate of photon production, and, they largely operate in free space." }, { "kind": "physical", "statement": "However, current quantum hardware is noisy, error-prone, and inefficient, making the reliable distribution of entanglement -- the key resource powering these applications -- a formidable challenge.", "source": "nsf", "doc_id": "2522101", "published": "2025-07-18", "source_sentence": "However, current quantum hardware is noisy, error-prone, and inefficient, making the reliable distribution of entanglement -- the key resource powering these applications -- a formidable challenge." }, { "kind": "physical", "statement": "Another challenge is that most security proofs are very sensitive to small differences between the physical devices used by the protocol and the theoretical model used to describe them.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W2170240091", "published": "2012-01-17", "source_sentence": "Another challenge is that most security proofs are very sensitive to small differences between the physical devices used by the protocol and the theoretical model used to describe them." }, { "kind": "physical", "statement": "Despite the tremendous progress of quantum cryptography, efficient quantum communication over long distances (\u2265 1000 km) remains an outstanding challenge due to fiber attenuation and operation errors accumulated over the entire communication distance.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W2214536953", "published": "2016-02-15", "source_sentence": "Despite the tremendous progress of quantum cryptography, efficient quantum communication over long distances (\u2265 1000 km) remains an outstanding challenge due to fiber attenuation and operation errors accumulated over the entire communication distance." }, { "kind": "physical", "statement": "Nonetheless, before QKD can be widely adopted, it faces a number of important challenges such as secret key rate, distance, size, cost and practical security.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W2473315843", "published": "2016-11-07", "source_sentence": "Nonetheless, before QKD can be widely adopted, it faces a number of important challenges such as secret key rate, distance, size, cost and practical security." }, { "kind": "physical", "statement": "The realization of DIQKD, however, is extremely challenging\u2014mainly because it is difficult to establish high-quality entangled states between two remote locations with high detection efficiency.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W4288052074", "published": "2022-07-27", "source_sentence": "The realization of DIQKD, however, is extremely challenging\u2014mainly because it is difficult to establish high-quality entangled states between two remote locations with high detection efficiency." }, { "kind": "physical", "statement": "The major one is the distance limit, which is caused by the fact that a quantum signal cannot be amplified while the channel loss is exponential with the distance for photon transmission in optical fiber.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W4378214526", "published": "2023-05-25", "source_sentence": "The major one is the distance limit, which is caused by the fact that a quantum signal cannot be amplified while the channel loss is exponential with the distance for photon transmission in optical fiber." } ], "baseline": [ { "kind": "political", "statement": "The research will explicitly address critical challenges in applying RL to quantum networks, such as state-space explosion, sparse and non-additive rewards, and the generation of deployable policies that operate with local knowledge.", "source": "nsf", "doc_id": "2522101", "published": "2025-07-18", "source_sentence": "The research will explicitly address critical challenges in applying RL to quantum networks, such as state-space explosion, sparse and non-additive rewards, and the generation of deployable policies that operate with local knowledge." }, { "kind": "economic", "statement": "To overcome the high computational cost of training, the framework will leverage a combination of high-fidelity simulations for validation and newly developed, efficient surrogate models for both quantum state dynamics and network-level control logic.", "source": "nsf", "doc_id": "2522101", "published": "2025-07-18", "source_sentence": "To overcome the high computational cost of training, the framework will leverage a combination of high-fidelity simulations for validation and newly developed, efficient surrogate models for both quantum state dynamics and network-level control logic." }, { "kind": "economic", "statement": "Here we present the first systematic comparison of three generations of quantum repeaters by evaluating the cost of both temporal and physical resources, and identify the optimized quantum repeater architecture for a given set of experimental parameters for use in quantum key distribution.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W2214536953", "published": "2016-02-15", "source_sentence": "Here we present the first systematic comparison of three generations of quantum repeaters by evaluating the cost of both temporal and physical resources, and identify the optimized quantum repeater architecture for a given set of experimental parameters for use in quantum key distribution." }, { "kind": "economic", "statement": "Nonetheless, before QKD can be widely adopted, it faces a number of important challenges such as secret key rate, distance, size, cost and practical security.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W2473315843", "published": "2016-11-07", "source_sentence": "Nonetheless, before QKD can be widely adopted, it faces a number of important challenges such as secret key rate, distance, size, cost and practical security." } ] }, "scores": { "baseline": { "precision": 0.25, "recall": 0.1111111111111111, "kind_accuracy": 0.0, "found": 1, "expected": 9, "spurious": 3, "negatives_clean": 31, "negatives_total": 31, "mistyped": [ [ "W2473315843", "nonetheless, before qkd can be widely adopted, it faces a number of important challenges such as secret key rate, distance, size, cost and practical security.", "economic", "physical" ] ], "dirtied": [] } } }, "quantum-networks": { "capability": "quantum networks", "documents": [ "2507504", "2514835", "2514938", "2530159", "2530160", "2531365", "2534232", "2545352", "2545353", "W1564718920", "W1912452675", "W2020424834", "W2021728104", "W2024543013", "W2030119075", "W2044133255", "W2078942833", "W2096714639", "W2512567572", "W2526826654", "W2593457918", "W2625737531", "W2769928943", "W2896792097", "W2897264299", "W2959720248", "W2995897104", "W3008709580", "W3127491185", "W3159123643", "W4281489365", "W4389990376", "W4396918865", "W613360614" ], "selection_rule": "every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped", "truth_method": "docs/atlas-truth-method-quantum-entanglement.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 30/34 (kappa 0.74) for quantum key distribution, 16/17 (0.88) for quantum networks, 20/24 (0.52) for quantum teleportation, 27/29 (0.79) for quantum computing, 19/21 (0.70) for quantum sensing, 27/30 (0.52) for post-quantum cryptography and 16/16 (1.00) for faster-than-light messaging; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there", "candidates": [ { "doc_id": "2507504", "index": 2, "text": "The proposed entangled photon device offers over 70-fold improvement in efficiency compared to current technologies, reducing system cost while accelerating the transition toward quantum advantage.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "2514835", "index": 2, "text": "However, sharing entanglement across many locations remains a major challenge.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "2514835", "index": 5, "text": "By addressing a key barrier to building large-scale quantum systems, this work will help advance the progress of science and open new possibilities for future technologies.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2514835", "index": 7, "text": "Technically, this project addresses a long-standing challenge in entanglement distribution: the mismatch between the broad spectral bandwidth of practical entangled photon sources and the narrow bandwidth of most quantum memories.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "2514938", "index": 2, "text": "However, building larger systems of such qubits remains a major challenge, primarily because magnetic interactions between them are extremely short-ranged.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "2531365", "index": 7, "text": "SCY-QNet targets three key scientific challenges essential to scalable quantum networking: 1.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2534232", "index": 1, "text": "Planning activities will encompass stakeholder convenings, identifying technical barriers and potential solutions, engaging startups and industry partners, and concurrent economic and workforce development activities.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W2030119075", "index": 4, "text": "Furthermore, our demonstration establishes the feasibility of controlled two-photon interference in a real-world environment and thereby removes a remaining obstacle to realizing future applications of quantum communication, such as quantum repeaters and, more generally, quantum networks.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2593457918", "index": 0, "text": "Realizing robust quantum 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covering the basics of how trapped ions are used for QC and their strengths and limitations as qubits.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2982169647", "index": 1, "text": "A fundamental challenge is to build a high-fidelity processor capable of running quantum algorithms in an exponentially large computational space.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "W3037443854", "index": 0, "text": "Simulating quantum mechanics is known to be a difficult computational problem, especially when dealing with large systems.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W3037443854", "index": 1, "text": "However, this difficulty may be overcome by using some controllable quantum system to study another less controllable or accessible quantum system, i.e., quantum simulation.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W3037443854", "index": 5, "text": "This review outlines the main theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum simulation and emphasizes some of the challenges and promises of this fast-growing field.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W3101479050", "index": 1, "text": "A fundamental challenge is to build a high-fidelity processor capable of running quantum algorithms in an exponentially large computational space.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "W3136233239", "index": 0, "text": "Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) optimize the parameters \u03b8 of a parametrized quantum circuit V(\u03b8) to minimize a cost function C.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W3136233239", "index": 4, "text": "Hence, several VQAs in the literature must revise their proposed costs.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W3173899054", "index": 3, "text": "The computational cost of the classical simulation of this task is estimated to be 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than the previous work on 53-qubit Sycamore processor [Nature 574, 505 (2019)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/s41586-019-1666-5.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W4321610982", "index": 6, "text": "We accurately model our experiment, extracting error budgets that highlight the biggest challenges for future systems.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W4380627387", "index": 2, "text": "The widely accepted solution to this challenge is the implementation of fault-tolerant quantum circuits, which is out of reach for current processors.", "kept_by": [ "truth", "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W4389373471", "index": 0, "text": "Abstract Suppressing errors is the central challenge for useful quantum computing 1 , requiring quantum error correction (QEC) 2\u20136 for large-scale processing.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "W4389373471", "index": 1, "text": "However, the overhead in the realization of error-corrected \u2018logical\u2019 qubits, in which information is encoded across many physical qubits for redundancy 2\u20134 , poses substantial challenges to large-scale logical quantum computing.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] } ], "records": { "truth": [ { "kind": "physical", "statement": "Furthermore, since quantum computing has a fundamentally different computing scheme, which relies on superposition and entanglement, the traditional EDA techniques cannot be directly applied to quantum circuits.", "source": "nsf", "doc_id": "2548888", "published": "2025-12-01", "source_sentence": "Furthermore, since quantum computing has a fundamentally different computing scheme, which relies on superposition and entanglement, the traditional EDA techniques cannot be directly applied to quantum circuits." }, { "kind": "physical", "statement": "A fundamental challenge is to build a high-fidelity processor capable of running quantum algorithms in an exponentially large computational space.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W2982169647", "published": "2019-10-23", "source_sentence": "A fundamental challenge is to build a high-fidelity processor capable of running quantum algorithms in an exponentially large computational space." }, { "kind": "physical", "statement": "A fundamental challenge is to build a high-fidelity processor capable of running quantum algorithms in an exponentially large computational space.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W3101479050", "published": "2019-01-01", "source_sentence": "A fundamental challenge is to build a high-fidelity processor capable of running quantum algorithms in an exponentially large computational space." }, { "kind": "physical", "statement": "The widely accepted solution to this challenge is the implementation of fault-tolerant quantum circuits, which is out of reach for current processors.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W4380627387", "published": "2023-06-14", "source_sentence": "The widely accepted solution to this challenge is the implementation of fault-tolerant quantum circuits, which is out of reach for current processors." }, { "kind": "physical", "statement": "Abstract Suppressing errors is the central challenge for useful quantum computing 1 , requiring quantum error correction (QEC) 2\u20136 for large-scale processing.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W4389373471", "published": "2023-12-06", "source_sentence": "Abstract Suppressing errors is the central challenge for useful quantum computing 1 , requiring quantum error correction (QEC) 2\u20136 for large-scale processing." }, { "kind": "physical", "statement": "However, the overhead in the realization of error-corrected \u2018logical\u2019 qubits, in which information is encoded across many physical qubits for redundancy 2\u20134 , poses substantial challenges to large-scale logical quantum computing.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W4389373471", "published": "2023-12-06", "source_sentence": "However, the overhead in the realization of error-corrected \u2018logical\u2019 qubits, in which information is encoded across many physical qubits for redundancy 2\u20134 , poses substantial challenges to large-scale logical quantum computing." } ], "baseline": [ { "kind": "biological", "statement": "IPAM promotes the progress of science by stimulating the mathematical developments that are needed for this progress; advances the national health, prosperity, and welfare through programs that address current scientific and societal challenges.", "source": "nsf", "doc_id": "2422832", "published": "2025-12-01", "source_sentence": "IPAM promotes the progress of science by stimulating the mathematical developments that are needed for this progress; advances the national health, prosperity, and welfare through programs that address current scientific and societal challenges." }, { "kind": "economic", "statement": "Held in Washington D.C., the conference will bring together federal agencies, quantum developers, and commercial end users to explore strategies for identifying science and technology barriers faced by industry and methods for engaging government and government-funded researchers to accelerate innovation.", "source": "nsf", "doc_id": "2552622", "published": "2025-09-23", "source_sentence": "Held in Washington D.C., the conference will bring together federal agencies, quantum developers, and commercial end users to explore strategies for identifying science and technology barriers faced by industry and methods for engaging government and government-funded researchers to accelerate innovation." }, { "kind": "economic", "statement": "Ideas range from running computationally costly algorithms or their subroutines efficiently on a quantum computer to the translation of stochastic methods into the language of quantum theory.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W2015811642", "published": "2014-10-15", "source_sentence": "Ideas range from running computationally costly algorithms or their subroutines efficiently on a quantum computer to the translation of stochastic methods into the language of quantum theory." }, { "kind": "economic", "statement": "Hence, several VQAs in the literature must revise their proposed costs.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W3136233239", "published": "2021-03-19", "source_sentence": "Hence, several VQAs in the literature must revise their proposed costs." }, { "kind": "economic", "statement": "Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) optimize the parameters \u03b8 of a parametrized quantum circuit V(\u03b8) to minimize a cost function C.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W3136233239", "published": "2021-03-19", "source_sentence": "Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) optimize the parameters \u03b8 of a parametrized quantum circuit V(\u03b8) to minimize a cost function C." }, { "kind": "economic", "statement": "The computational cost of the classical simulation of this task is estimated to be 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than the previous work on 53-qubit Sycamore processor [Nature 574, 505 (2019)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/s41586-019-1666-5.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W3173899054", "published": "2021-10-25", "source_sentence": "The computational cost of the classical simulation of this task is estimated to be 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than the previous work on 53-qubit Sycamore processor [Nature 574, 505 (2019)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/s41586-019-1666-5." }, { "kind": "economic", "statement": "We accurately model our experiment, extracting error budgets that highlight the biggest challenges for future systems.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W4321610982", "published": "2023-02-22", "source_sentence": "We accurately model our experiment, extracting error budgets that highlight the biggest challenges for future systems." }, { "kind": "social", "statement": "The widely accepted solution to this challenge is the implementation of fault-tolerant quantum circuits, which is out of reach for current processors.", "source": "openalex", "doc_id": "W4380627387", "published": "2023-06-14", "source_sentence": "The widely accepted solution to this challenge is the implementation of fault-tolerant quantum circuits, which is out of reach for current processors." } ] }, "scores": { "baseline": { "precision": 0.125, "recall": 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(0.52) for post-quantum cryptography and 16/16 (1.00) for faster-than-light messaging; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there", "candidates": [ { "doc_id": "2410650", "index": 4, "text": "Because of its exceptional properties, electrons on helium provide a ideal platform for exploring collective quantum behavior that is difficult or impossible to study in conventional materials.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2410650", "index": 8, "text": "Such interactions are central to many technologies in quantum sensing and quantum information but are difficult to tune in real materials.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "2443398", "index": 3, "text": "Such impacts are especially detrimental for maintaining coherent control over large quantum systems with many particles, presenting a major challenge for advancing the frontiers of quantum technologies.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2443398", "index": 4, "text": "This project aims to address this challenge by developing new protocols for preserving interesting quantum properties and unraveling associated quantum phenomena in open systems comprising many particles.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2443398", "index": 12, "text": "The adverse effects such as decoherence and noise arising from this interaction pose a major obstacle to advancing quantum technologies.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "2443398", "index": 13, "text": "The proposed project aims to tackle this challenge leveraging ideas from quantum optics and quantum information science.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2506082", "index": 3, "text": "The research team will explore novel sensing strategies to extract more detailed information and apply these methods to a broader range of scientific and technological challenges.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2521400", "index": 11, "text": "The Ideas Lab is an interactive, multidisciplinary, and highly intensive workshop that is designed to foster the development of novel and transformative solutions to significant scientific challenges.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2522798", "index": 2, "text": "Replicating these quantum capabilities of nature using synthetic materials remains a significant goal of rational materials design and fabrication.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2522798", "index": 3, "text": "To overcome the bottlenecks that are intrinsic to modern materials design efforts, including costly and time-consuming synthesis and experimental characterization, the project will develop a machine learning-guided, high-throughput in silico screening platform to accelerate the discovery of functional chromophore- and qubit-DNA assemblies.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "2529072", "index": 1, "text": "These efforts will aim at establishing a new paradigm of Floquet-enabled quantum detection and sensing and will open unprecedented opportunities for technology by offering advances in integrated quantum sensors, facilitating chip-scale manufacturing, and enabling nanoscale materials integration, all of which will benefit several national grand challenges for our society and will secure US leadership in chip manufacturing and quantum technologies.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2537094", "index": 3, "text": "However, a key challenge has been measuring single spins in molecules, where quantum features are most apparent.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "2537094", "index": 4, "text": "The research team seeks to address this challenge by creating molecules whose spins can be efficiently interfaced with light.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W1993488859", "index": 1, "text": "Precision in these experiments is strongly limited by the 1/\u221aN shot noise factor with N being the number of probes (photons, atoms) employed in the experiment.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2581653246", "index": 9, "text": "Our results highlight the opportunity presented by OPMs to generate uncooled, potentially low-cost, high SNR MEG systems.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W413523879", "index": 0, "text": "Quantum computers, though not yet available on the market, will revolutionize the future of information processing.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W4213432262", "index": 2, "text": "Here we overcome this limitation by realizing a practical quantum gravity gradient sensor.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W4213432262", "index": 7, "text": "The sensor parameters are compatible with applications in mapping aquifers and evaluating impacts on the water table 7 , archaeology 8\u201311 , determination of soil properties 12 and water content 13 , and reducing the risk of unforeseen ground conditions in the construction of critical energy, transport and utilities infrastructure 14 , providing a new window into the underground.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W4283731272", "index": 1, "text": "Despite providing high-quality spatiotemporal maps of electrophysiological activity, current MEG instrumentation is limited by cumbersome field sensing technologies, resulting in major barriers to utility.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W4283731272", "index": 2, "text": "Here, we review a new generation of MEG technology that is beginning to lift many of these barriers.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W4319079672", "index": 2, "text": "Biomedical applications could benefit from these quantum technologies, but it is often difficult to evaluate the potential impact of the techniques.", "kept_by": [] } ], "records": { "truth": [ { "kind": "physical", "statement": "Such interactions are central to many technologies in quantum sensing and quantum information but are difficult to tune in real materials.", "source": "nsf", "doc_id": "2410650", "published": "2025-12-31", "source_sentence": "Such interactions are central to many technologies in quantum sensing and quantum information but are difficult to tune in real materials." }, { "kind": "physical", "statement": "The adverse effects 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16/17 (0.88) for quantum networks, 20/24 (0.52) for quantum teleportation, 27/29 (0.79) for quantum computing, 19/21 (0.70) for quantum sensing, 27/30 (0.52) for post-quantum cryptography and 16/16 (1.00) for faster-than-light messaging; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there", "candidates": [ { "doc_id": "2404481", "index": 2, "text": "This project\u2019s innovation will address the technical challenge of secure and privacy-preserving cryptographic key management.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2404481", "index": 3, "text": "Current key backup and recovery (KBR) products are cost-prohibitive, expose keys to third parties, and have recovery processes which can take up to 48 hours.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "2404481", "index": 13, "text": "By addressing key technical challenges and reducing technical risk, this research will pave the way for a commercially viable and impactful product that can revolutionize the cryptocurrency security landscape.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "2441647", "index": 0, "text": "For many years, cryptography has enabled a secure communication infrastructure by relying on the difficulty or \"hardness\" of solving special mathematical problems.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2451744", "index": 2, "text": "Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a post-quantum cryptography framework that supports computations directly on encrypted data, providing strong protection for sensitive data that remains encrypted during data transmission and cloud services.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2453370", "index": 10, "text": "This project investigates the following three aspects: (i) new fast algorithms and novel computer arithmetic techniques for the high-complexity functions/components in FALCON, targeting significant complexity reduction with dedicated design; (ii) innovative algorithm-to-architecture co-design strategies for components/modules that are difficult to design in hardware, targeting ease of hardware design with superior efficiency; (iii) a full-hardware accelerator design framework finalization for FALCON, with the consideration of practical secure implementation.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2453511", "index": 4, "text": "This workshop covers topics: (i) for PQC, including new design methodology, secure hardware implementation methods, and new simulation tool design and development for security assessment; (ii) for quantum computing, including novel strategies for addressing cybersecurity challenges, fault tolerance techniques, quantum risk assessment, quantum-secure ecosystem, and practical transition.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "2502912", "index": 5, "text": "This project focuses on developing a lightweight, quantum-enabled security framework for IoT systems to address the challenges posed by quantum computing and the resource constraints of IoT systems.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "2530361", "index": 0, "text": "Although quantum computers capable of breaking traditional cryptosystems have not yet been realized, it is essential to prepare for this potential disruption through research and education.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W1543746688", "index": 40, "text": "However, applying Wagner\u2019s algorithm is a challenge in storage-restricted environments.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W1982865346", "index": 0, "text": "Signcryption is a cryptographic primitive that can perform digital signature and public encryption simultaneously at a significantly reduced cost.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W1982865346", "index": 2, "text": "However, most existing signcryption schemes are seriously challenged by the booming of quantum computations.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2015139338", "index": 1, "text": "Most existing Crystographic systems are based on Public key Cryptographic schemes like RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), whose security depends on the difficulty of solving Integer Factorisation Problem (IFP) and Discrete Logarithm problem (DLP) respectively.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2045890225", "index": 1, "text": "Given two ordinary elliptic curves over a finite field having the same cardinality and endomorphism ring, it is known that the curves admit a nonzero isogeny between them, but finding such an isogeny is believed to be computationally difficult.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2794556148", "index": 1, "text": "In particular the reader can delve into the following subjects: present cryptographic schemes (symmetric and asymmetric), differences between quantum and classical computing, challenges in quantum computing, quantum algorithms (Shor\u2019s and Grover\u2019s), public key encryption schemes affected, symmetric schemes affected, the impact on hash functions, and post quantum cryptography.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2895182117", "index": 0, "text": "Reports on Computer Systems TechnologyThe Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation's measurement and standards infrastructure.ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology.ITL's responsibilities include the development of management, administrative, technical, and physical standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of other than national security-related information in federal information systems.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W2913851998", "index": 0, "text": "The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation's measurement and standards infrastructure.ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology.ITL's responsibilities include the development of management, administrative, technical, and physical standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of other than national security-related information in federal information systems.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W2914654142", "index": 3, "text": "In this work, we survey trends in lattice-based cryptographic schemes, some recent fundamental proposals for the use of lattices in computer security, challenges for their implementation in software and hardware, and emerging needs for their adoption.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2953003524", "index": 5, "text": "It is assumed that the hardness of lattice problems in lattices over integer rings remains the same as in regular lattices.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2953003524", "index": 7, "text": "The Ideal Lattice Challenge allows online submission of short vectors to enter a hall of fame for full comparison.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2953289753", "index": 6, "text": "The results targeting the FPGA platform show that the proposed design can achieve high hardware efficiency with reduced hardware area costs.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W3021991761", "index": 2, "text": "Especially for low cost and resource constraint devices, hardware acceleration is usually required.", "kept_by": [ "truth", "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W3101994345", "index": 0, "text": "Given two elliptic curves over a finite field having the same cardinality and endomorphism ring, it is known that the curves admit an isogeny between them, but finding such an isogeny is believed to be computationally difficult.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W3217272717", "index": 2, "text": "Simultaneously, the performance of NTT execution is its main challenge, requiring large memory and complex memory access pattern.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "W4214923837", "index": 8, "text": "This paper provides insights into the critical problems and difficulties related to the security, privacy, and trust issues of 6G networks.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W4214923837", "index": 9, "text": "Moreover, the standard technologies and security challenges per each technology are clarified.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W4214923837", "index": 11, "text": "We also introduce the security issues and challenges of the 6G physical layer.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W4238198773", "index": 0, "text": "Crystography, which is the combination of Cryptography and Steganography could be a suitable \"tool\" for enhancing the security of communications and/or computations over the cloud.Most existing Crystographic systems are based on Public key Cryptographic schemes like RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), whose security depends on the difficulty of solving Integer Factorisation Problem (IFP) and Discrete Logarithm problem (DLP) respectively.However, techniques for solving IFP and DLP problems, improves continually.Therefore, the existence of Quantum Computers in the range of 1000 bits would be a real world threat to systems based on those problems.This paper thus propose a new Crystographic System that combines Post Quantum Cryptography with Steganography to ensure that security of cloud communication is maintained both in Classical Computing era as well as Post-Quantum Computing era.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W4254706618", "index": 0, "text": "The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation's measurement and standards infrastructure.ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology.ITL's 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"docs/atlas-truth-method-quantum-entanglement.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 30/34 (kappa 0.74) for quantum key distribution, 16/17 (0.88) for quantum networks, 20/24 (0.52) for quantum teleportation, 27/29 (0.79) for quantum computing, 19/21 (0.70) for quantum sensing, 27/30 (0.52) for post-quantum cryptography and 16/16 (1.00) for faster-than-light messaging; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there", "candidates": [ { "doc_id": "W1850579923", "index": 2, "text": "For a charged particle, we consider two examples of such experiments, and show that they are both consistent with the previous limitation.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W1850579923", "index": 4, "text": "In the second, the limitation can be ascribed to the quantum vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W1973365331", "index": 0, "text": "In the task cryptographers call bit commitment, one party encrypts a prediction in a way that cannot be decrypted until they supply a key, but has only one valid key.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W1991221911", "index": 2, "text": "This is shown by proving that, in the semidefinite programing for the discrimination, the optimality condition corresponds to the constraint that quantum theory cannot be used for a superluminal communication.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "W2026558378", "index": 1, "text": "We review this method and its application to massive gravity (mGR) theories to show the limitations of these models' physical viability: Among their problems are loss of unique evolution, superluminal signals, matter coupling inconsistencies and micro-acausality (propagation of signals around local closed time-like curves (CTCs)/closed causal curves (CCCs)).", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2052902519", "index": 0, "text": "Bohmian mechanics reproduces all statistical predictions of quantum mechanics, which ensures that entanglement cannot be used for superluminal signaling.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "W2134744273", "index": 0, "text": "The possibility that a classical space-time and quantum matter cohabit at the deepest level, i.e., the possibility of having a fundamental and not phenomenological semiclassical gravity, is often disregarded for lack of a good candidate theory.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2189236306", "index": 2, "text": "We identify the scenarios in which the models' causal behavior can and cannot be cured.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2651546144", "index": 2, "text": "While the lowest primary operator is a BPS scalar primary, the second-lowest scalar primary is in a semi-short representation, with dimension exactly J + 1, a fact that cannot be seen directly from the XYZ Lagrangian.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2979533087", "index": 3, "text": "However, at the \u201clocal\u201d level of a specific joint measurement, a description where entanglement is only incorporated in the state remains always possible, by adopting a fine-tuned tensor product representation.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W2979533087", "index": 6, "text": "In view of the numerous violations of the marginal laws observed in physics\u2019 laboratories, it remains unclear to date if entanglement in micro-physical systems is to be understood only as an \u2018entanglement of the states\u2019, or also as an \u2018entanglement of the measurements\u2019.", "kept_by": [ "baseline" ] }, { "doc_id": "W3083720039", "index": 0, "text": "Abstract Wavepacket tunneling, in the relativistic limit, is studied via solutions to the Dirac equation for a square barrier potential.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W3083720039", "index": 1, "text": "Specifically, the arrival time distribution (the time-dependent flux) is computed for wavepackets initiated far away from the barrier, and whose momentum is well below the threshold for above-barrier transmission.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W3111110728", "index": 3, "text": "We show that a Lorentz covariant collapse equation cannot simultaneously satisfy the following conditions: (i) to avoid a divergent rate of energy, (ii) to prevent superluminal signalling.", "kept_by": [] }, { "doc_id": "W4389752145", "index": 1, "text": "Remarkably, it was soon realized that in such theories causally disconnected regions of space-time can still exist thanks to the presence of universal horizons: causal barriers for signals of arbitrary high speed.", "kept_by": [ "truth" ] }, { "doc_id": "W4396749630", "index": 11, "text": "Finally, we examine the form that the \u2018impossible measurements\u2019 problem takes in histories-based approaches and we discuss the remaining challenges.", "kept_by": [] } ], "records": { "truth": [ { "kind": 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