Raven: Wearable computing and its downstream products

§ 01

The reading

The root is Wearable computing, and 9 products were measured against it. In score order: Wrist-worn computers 0.39, weak; VR headsets 0.33, weak; Eye tracking 0.26, weak; Haptic suits 0.24, weak; Hearables 0.23, weak; Full-dive 0.13, weak; Data gloves 0.03, weak; Smart glasses 0.00, weak, clamped; Motion controllers 0.00, weak, clamped. 41 hand-checked barriers were found over 301 documents read for barriers: 34 physical, 1 biological, 4 economic, 2 social. Fiction crossed a tenth of its peak (43 works of fiction in 2017) in 1986, research a tenth of its (3,584 works in 2025) in 2014: fiction led by 28 years.

This is a research project presented as one. I assembled what the public record says about one chain of technology, by stated rules rather than by narrative, and scored what it shows. The score is an evidence score over one chain, anchored to two controls. It is not a calibrated probability, and nothing on this page calls it one.

§ 02

Why it is hard

No Federal Register rule reached the barrier sample, so what the regulator says about smart glasses, wrist-worn computers, vr headsets, hearables, data gloves, motion controllers, eye tracking, haptic suits and full-dive is unmeasured here.

A sentence that states a real barrier but carries none of the 17 marker words is invisible to the filter, to the model and to the truth alike; the filter's ceiling is inherited whole.

§ 03

The controls

From 2000 to 2025, research on large language model grew about 16,000-fold, smoke detector about 3.0-fold, and all published work about 2.6-fold. A product's growth is placed on that range: 0 grew like smoke detector, 1 like large language model.

The chart, the exact multiples and the formula

Two searches were fixed before the run as anchors: large language model as the boom control and smoke detector as the mature control, against every work in the index. The multiple is the sum of the last 5 years plus one over the sum of the first 5 years plus one.

Fig. 1 · the two controls and the index

Three series on one log axis, 2000–2025; each anchor's multiple is printed below.

The two controls and the index
control	works	2000	2025	multiple
large language model	148,587	2	88,754	16,490.9x
smoke detector	1,733	36	132	3.0x
every work	220,506,496	3,795,719	14,806,877	2.6x

The mature anchor sits at 0 and the boom anchor at 1 by construction; 0 means "grew as the smoke detector literature did", not "flat".

§ 04

The chain

10 capabilities in the order the chain states them, the root first. Each carries its search terms per stage, its research series against the index, and its other stages as counts with their n. A stage no registry covers is marked unmeasured and left out of the score's denominator: unmeasured is not zero.

Wearable computing

What was searched · 5 of 5 stages measured

fiction: virtual reality
research: wearable computing, wearable computer, wearable technology
funding: wearable computing, wearable computer, wearable computers, wearable technology
testing: wearable computing, wearable computer, wearable technology
regulation: wearable computing, wearable computer, wearable technology

Fiction crossed a tenth of its peak (43 works of fiction in 2017) in 1986, research a tenth of its (3,584 works in 2025) in 2014: fiction led by 28 years.

The earliest work the catalogue dates in 1900–2025 is Das Gedankennetz (1961): the catalogue's earliest, not history's. Catalogues fill in toward the present as research indexes do, which pushes a fiction crossing later, so the lead errs short.

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 11.2-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 2 · Wearable computing: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

Fig. 3 · Wearable computing: fiction against research

Each line is drawn to its own peak, so the two are not on one scale: the shapes are compared, not the sizes. Fiction is counted by the catalogue's first-publication year, research by publication year, over the same years.

fiction: 594 works of fiction in 1900–2025
funding: 234 awards in 2000–2025
testing: 1,538 studies registered in 2000–2025
regulation: 5 final rules, 6 proposed, in 2000–2025

No edge is measured on this literature; it is what the products' edges are measured against.

Confidence: not scored, the root is what the products are scored against.

Smart glasses

What was searched · 3 of 5 stages measured

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
research: smart glasses, smartglasses, head-mounted display
funding: smart glasses, smartglasses, head-mounted display
testing: smart glasses, smartglasses, head-mounted display
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

After arrival: first consumer smart glasses, 2013: the record held; 1,459.8 works a year at the peak in 2025, the 5 years to 2025 at 1.00 of it.

The word reads the research literature after the arrival year, not the product's fate: a literature that keeps growing reads held, and the index itself and the mature control both read held at 1.00 over the same window.

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 10.1-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 4 · Smart glasses: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
funding: 83 awards in 2000–2025
testing: 256 studies registered in 2000–2025
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

Citations · 4 edges measured on this literature

Fig. 5 · edges measured on the literature of Smart glasses
edge	variant	share	reach	works citing the cited set (of works with references)	coverage (works with references / works)	references (into the cited set / all)	cited works	overlap
barcode scanner (negative control) to Smart glasses	overlap kept	<0.001	0.001	8/12,097	12,097/16,768	8/360,619	920	0 removed from the cited side
barcode scanner (negative control) to Smart glasses	overlap dropped from the citing side	<0.001	0.001	8/12,097	12,097/16,768	8/360,619	920	0 dropped from the citing side
Wearable computing to Smart glasses	overlap kept	0.01	0.10	1,241/12,097	12,097/16,768	2,295/360,619	18,340	407 removed from the cited side
Wearable computing to Smart glasses	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.01	0.12	1,411/11,834	11,834/16,361	2,515/353,496	18,747	407 dropped from the citing side

An edge measures intellectual dependency through citations, not causation; both variants are printed because removing the overlap from one side only is a choice, and the negative control shows what a share looks like when there is no dependency at all.

Score · weak · 0.00

Each bar is one component of the score, 0 to 1; the barrier penalty is taken off and drawn to the left. The score is the mean of the determined components, less the penalty.

On growth it sits 0.14 of the way from smoke detector to large language model; hand-checked barriers cost it 0.35.

How the score was worked · 5 components

growth: 0.14
dependency: 0.10
precedence: 0.00
stages: 1.00
barriers: -0.35

growth: 0.14 on a log scale where the mature control sits at 0 (3.0x) and the boom control at 1 (16,491x); smoothed growth 10.1x against the index's 2.6x
dependency: 0.10 of the product's works with recorded references cite at least one root work (reference coverage 0.72 of 16,768 works; 2,295 of 360,619 references land in the root's 18,340 works)
precedence: the product crossed a tenth of its peak in 2002, before the root in 2014
stages: 3 of 3 measured stages show signal (research 16,904, funding 83, testing 256); regulation unmeasured
barriers: 3 physical, 1 economic on 4 distinct sentences of 4 recorded; component -0.35
score: 0.00 = mean of 4 determined components (0.31) with the barrier penalty (-0.35), clamped at 0.00; labelled weak

Barriers · 4 found in 40 documents read

40 documents were read for barriers; 20 of them yielded a candidate sentence, 39 candidate sentences in all. 4 hand-checked barriers were found in 3 of those documents. The other 37 documents are negatives: 17 substantive, with candidates and none of them a barrier, and 20 trivial, with no candidate at all.

Hand-checked barriers

NSF 2528382 · 2025-09-10physical

This Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase II project focuses on developing smart glasses that significantly enhance visual quality by solving a key limitation in current Augmented Reality (AR) displays - the inability to show black pixels.

OpenAlex W2101387510 · 2014-05-28physical

A key limitation of the state-of-the-art OST-HMD technology is the well-known accommodation-convergence mismatch problem caused by the fact that the image source in most of the existing AR displays is a 2D flat surface located at a fixed distance from the eye.

OpenAlex W2615297659 · 2017-05-18physical

Because large changes in offset were found whenever tracking was briefly lost, it cannot be corrected for with a one-time calibration procedure.

NSF 2528382 · 2025-09-10economic

To mitigate the high cost associated with conventional lens waveguides for smart glasses, the development of Air-Cell Process is proposed which will enable production of low-cost waveguides for AR smart glasses.

biological, political and social barriers do not occur in this truth, so those kinds are unmeasured, not measured as zero.

The automation experiment · baseline scored, model not run

The automation experiment

The baseline is a word list. Whether the model beat it is resolved on recall and on the substantive negatives, never on kind accuracy, which is a ratio over the barriers found and says little at a small n.

Scores against the same truth
record set	precision	recall	kind accuracy	negatives clean	substantive negatives clean
baseline	3/20	3/4	2/3	28/37	8/17

The model layer has not run; its score against the same truth will appear here beside the baseline's.

Mistyped
record set	document	sentence	got	expected
baseline	2528382	this small business innovation research (sbir) phase ii project focuses on developing smart glasses that significantly enhance visual quality by solving a key limitation in current augmented reality (ar) displays - the inability to show black pixels.	economic	physical

Negatives that received a barrier: baseline: 2335927, 2418188, 2500220, W2111059158, W2120345115, W2611287876, W3036646185, W3084427344, W4214540501.

Every candidate sentence · 39 sentences

Every candidate sentence

What each layer kept
document	index	sentence	kept by
2222661	7	CNAs will be interviewed to identify workers’ needs and workplace challenges.	rejected by all
2222662	7	CNAs will be interviewed to identify workers’ needs and workplace challenges.	rejected by all
2222663	7	CNAs will be interviewed to identify workers’ needs and workplace challenges.	rejected by all
2335927	6	Since pixel-wise transparency control allows hard-edge occlusion, hence the proposed smart spatiotemporal multiplexed approach enables a single display that achieves pixel-wise hard-edge occlusion using only a single silicon display panel, thereby reducing cost and complexity while increasing see-through efficiency and battery life performance.	baseline
2349610	3	Smart glasses equipped with AI can detect obstacles or hazards to aid the visually impaired.	rejected by all
2349610	9	This project will study how to create an encoding or an embedding (a noisy latent representation of the input), from which a useful downstream task can still be performed, but specified private information of the original input cannot be extracted.	rejected by all
2349610	11	Focusing on image-based applications, the project will address three main research challenges: (1) designing encodings with Metric DP -- simultaneously designing methods to generate privacy-preserving encodings and provide tight privacy guarantees; (2) improving the utility -- developing methods to improve the quality of the model when using privacy-preserving encodings; and (3) designing the overarching system -- improving the end-to-end user experience by developing systematic optimizations like caching and post-processing of the model output.	rejected by all
2418188	8	The steps towards addressing these hurdles not only will improve the quality of life for these people but will also bring about a remarkable cost-saving to society as a whole.	baseline
2500220	0	This project aims to tackle the growing challenge of helping older adults and people with disabilities live safely and independently in their own homes.	rejected by all
2500220	1	Many homes are not set up for their needs, and while home modifications can help, determining what changes are needed usually requires expensive and complex home assessments.	baseline
2528382	0	This Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase II project focuses on developing smart glasses that significantly enhance visual quality by solving a key limitation in current Augmented Reality (AR) displays - the inability to show black pixels.	truth, baseline
2528382	7	To mitigate the high cost associated with conventional lens waveguides for smart glasses, the development of Air-Cell Process is proposed which will enable production of low-cost waveguides for AR smart glasses.	truth, baseline
2528382	8	Since this process uses large panels such as used in LCD flat panel fabrication hence it offers a much lower cost as opposed to etching of wafers as used in conventional waveguides fabrication.	baseline
W1965428772	1	However, the extent to which gross asymmetries in the fake body can be assimilated remains unknown.	rejected by all
W2101387510	1	A key limitation of the state-of-the-art OST-HMD technology is the well-known accommodation-convergence mismatch problem caused by the fact that the image source in most of the existing AR displays is a 2D flat surface located at a fixed distance from the eye.	truth
W2111059158	6	There are many possibilities in this category including: two-view (the simplest implementations are with a parallax barrier or a lenticular screen), multiview, head tracked (requires active optics to redirect the rays to a moving viewer), and super multiview (potentially can solve the accommodation–convergence mismatch problem).	baseline
W2120345115	7	We conclude that there remains a need to develop more cost-effective and objective physiological measures of both the impact of cybersickness and a person's susceptibility to the condition.	baseline
W2562199918	9	In Section 4, we survey applications in social psychology and related areas – how VR has been used to throw light on some social phenomena, and how it can be used to tackle experimentally areas that cannot be studied experimentally in real life.	rejected by all
W2611287876	3	VR, which allows for controlled delivery of sensory stimulation via the therapist, is a convenient and cost-effective treatment.	baseline
W2615297659	0	The advent of inexpensive consumer virtual reality equipment enables many more researchers to study perception with naturally moving observers.	baseline
W2615297659	2	If the position and orientation tracking of this system is of sufficient accuracy and precision, it could be suitable for much research that is currently done with far more expensive systems.	baseline
W2615297659	5	Because large changes in offset were found whenever tracking was briefly lost, it cannot be corrected for with a one-time calibration procedure.	truth, baseline
W3000647430	3	VR-therapy may prove to be a safe, inexpensive, non-pharmacological means of managing depressive symptoms and providing engagement and enjoyment to this rapidly growing demographic.	rejected by all
W3036646185	3	Wiederhold, Editor-in-Chief Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:10 Jul 2020https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.29188.bkwAboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookXLinked InRedditEmail View article"Connecting Through Technology During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Avoiding “Zoom Fatigue”." Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(7), pp. 437–438FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byQuantitative analysis of communication changes in online medication counseling using the Roter Interaction SystemResearch in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Vol. 20, No. 1“Who Said That?” Applying the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique to Social Telepresence13 December 2023 \| ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction, Vol. 12, No. 4The good and bad of an online asynchronous general education course: Students’ perceptions18 December 2023 \| Psychology Teaching Review, Vol. 29, No. 2Face-to-face more important than digital communication for mental health during the pandemic17 May 2023 \| Scientific Reports, Vol. 13, No. 1Videoconference fatigue from a neurophysiological perspective: experimental evidence based on electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG)26 October 2023 \| Scientific Reports, Vol. 13, No. 1The ‘Zoomification’ of Collaboration: How 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Behaviour, Vol. 33Reconfiguring togetherness in the virtual drama classroom23 August 2023 \| Research in Drama Education: The Journal of Applied Theatre and Performance, Vol. 44“I really don’t know what I would have done without it”: Crafting as a means of stress coping during COVID-1923 August 2023 \| Journal of Leisure Research, Vol. 13Virtual interdisciplinary collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic: pain and joy in an international joint university7 July 2023 \| Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 14Nonverbal immediacy cues and impression formation in video therapy1 August 2022 \| Counselling Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 3Digital dependence: Online fatigue and coping strategies during the COVID-19 lockdown11 February 2023 \| Media, Culture & Society, Vol. 45, No. 5Using group-based interactive video teleconferencing to make self-compassion more accessible: A randomized controlled trialJournal of Contextual Behavioral Science, Vol. 29Researcher-patient partnership generated actionable recommendations, using quantitative evaluation and deliberative dialogue, to improve meaningful engagementJournal of Clinical Epidemiology, Vol. 159Peer-to-peer: The Social Transmission of Symptoms Online10 April 2023 \| Annals of Behavioral Medicine, Vol. 57, No. 7Online panel work through a gender lens: implications of digital peer review meetings23 December 2022 \| Science and Public Policy, Vol. 50, No. 3The effect of wearing a head-mounted display on the boundaries of the cervical range of motion based on perceived comfort in a static posture14 September 2022 \| Virtual Reality, Vol. 27, No. 2Phase 2 of collaborative action around the implementation of virtual hearing aid care: Evaluation of a clinical practice guideline23 April 2023 \| Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, Vol. 29, No. 4Phase 1 of collaborative action around the implementation of virtual hearing aid care: Development of a clinical practice guideline21 April 2023 \| Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, Vol. 29, No. 4Is Virtual Learning Here to Stay?	baseline
W3036646185	7	Volume 14“Am I Ready for This Change?”: Challenges in Optimizing the Use of Online Learning in Medical and Health Professions Education During the Pandemic and Beyond7 November 2023Atuação da Psicologia em Unidade Neonatal no Contexto da Pandemia da Covid-191 January 2023 \| Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão, Vol. 43Efficacy of PEERS® for Adolescents via Telehealth Delivery27 May 2022 \| Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 52, No. 12Proactive strategies for an inclusive faculty search process16 June 2022 \| Communications Biology, Vol. 5, No. 1The impact of COVID-19 on digital communication patterns23 May 2022 \| Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Vol. 9, No. 1Medical student’s perception of the COVID-19 pandemic effect on their education and well-being: a cross-sectional survey in the United States5 March 2022 \| BMC Medical Education, Vol. 22, No. 1Lessons learned from a pandemic: implications for a combined exercise and educational programme for medical students8 April 2022 \| BMC Medical Education, Vol. 22, No. 1Conducting a randomised controlled trial of a psychosocial intervention for adolescents with type 1 diabetes during COVID-19: recommendations to overcome the challenges complicated by inconsistent public health guidelines on research27 April 2022 \| Trials, Vol. 23, No. 1Digital temperance: adapting an ancient virtue for a technological age22 November 2022 \| Ethics and Information Technology, Vol. 24, No. 4Online-Supervision14 July 2022 \| Zeitschrift für Psychodrama und Soziometrie, Vol. 21, No. S2Navigating learners towards technology-enhanced learning during post COVID-19 semestersTrends in Neuroscience and Education, Vol. 29An Educational Perspective on Online Learning PlatformsTechnologically-assisted communication attenuates inter-brain synchronyNeuroImage, Vol. 264Virtual recruitment - should this be the future for dental core training?25 November 2022 \| British Dental Journal, Vol. 233, No. 10Zoom fatigue under covid-19-pandemien: Hva innebærer fenomenet, og hvordan kan det forebygges?Uniped, Vol. 45, No. 4Early Field Experiences Through Telepresence RobotsWhere to Look?	baseline
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W3036646185	22	No. and implementation of a virtual pain management programme to COVID-19: a September 2021 \| British Journal of Vol. 16, No. Video Conference Fatigue of in the on Video Conference Social and April 2022 \| International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 19, No. of in during the COVID‐19 pandemic: the and of and challenges and the of mental health and in December 2021 \| Journal of Research in Educational Vol. 22, No. New with COVID-19 and A Qualitative Study on Zoom Fatigue30 March 2022 \| Vol. 19, No. distance une No. Social in Remote Social A for of When the Social of Interactions via Videoconferencing March 2022 \| Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. the stress of and of Zoom December 2021 \| Electronic Vol. 32, No. social as of A study under in Human Behavior, Vol. the of to an online in to February 2022 \| Sciences Education, Vol. 15, No. changes in social during COVID pandemic in the United December 2021 \| Vol. 29, No. in Journal of and Vol. 13, No. or How online February 2022 \| PLOS Vol.	baseline
W3036646185	25	No. During Remote Teaching in through a pandemic: impact of on and of Clinical Medicine, Vol. 18, No. during the pandemic A Systematic Review using April 2022 \| Information Science, Vol. 6, No. Hybrid Learning Challenges and February de de de December 2022 \| Vol. 4, No. of COVID‐19 with and variables in An analysis of September 2021 \| The International Journal of Health and Management, Vol. 37, No. Design With Research for the Development of a Digital for and August 2022 \| Journal of Research Vol.	baseline
W3041285464	0	Abstract The adoption of immersive virtual reality (I-VR) as a pedagogical method in education has challenged the conceptual definition of what constitutes a learning environment.	rejected by all
W3041285464	1	High fidelity graphics and immersive content using head-mounted-displays (HMD) have allowed students to explore complex subjects in a way that traditional teaching methods cannot.	rejected by all
W3084427344	0	Abstract With the availability of low‐cost high‐quality head‐mounted displays (HMDs) since 2013, there is a growing body of literature investigating the impact of immersive virtual reality (IVR) technology on education.	baseline
W4214540501	25	In this talk, Klara will discuss the research challenges in 360-degree video delivery systems in terms of large bandwidth, low latency, users' disorientation, and cyber-sickness, and the opportunities to solve these challenges through developing rate adaptation algorithms for tiled videos, view prediction algorithms, content navigation, enhancement of DASH streaming for 360-videos, and control of Quality of Experience (QoE).	rejected by all
W4214540501	38	Due to Covid-19, we faced unprecedented challenges, and had to cancel some arrangements in the middle and extended paper submission deadlines to leave maximal time for participated teams and minimal time for reviewers.	rejected by all
W4214540501	44	The coronavirus pandemic has significantly changed the way people live, work, communicate and learn. "Opportunities and Challenges for AI Multimedia in the 'New Normal'" will be deliberated.	rejected by all
W4214540501	45	The second panel aims at opening a discussion about "What Multimedia has to offer for our common digital future." Beyond the current coronavirus health crisis which is holding the world in breath, the world is also facing several global challenges from climate change to environmental deterioration, and from access to clean water and food to socioeconomic inequalities, to name just a few.	baseline
W4214540501	48	No ACM Multimedia would be complete without Grand Challenges.	rejected by all
W4214540501	49	This year, we organized eight Multimedia Grand Challenges, which were selected from a wide range of proposals based on the strength of proposals, relevance to the community, challenge continuity, diversity of topics, and organizers.	rejected by all
W4214540501	50	The selected Grand Challenges are a great reflection of the multimodality nature of the multimedia problems, including two of them for image and six for video-related challenges.	rejected by all
W4214540501	59	And another special thanks goes to the virtual conference "online chairs" (originally the local chairs team), and the finance chair, who have resolved numerous unexpected difficulties in making our conference program available online to all attendees.	baseline

Method · 12 settings

Method

selection rule: every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped
required term: none: rule bodies were narrowed by the markers alone
note on the required term: no term was required: every barrier document was drawn for its own product's research or funding terms, and abstracts and award texts are never narrowed; no Federal Register rule was drawn into the barrier sample
barriers_openalex: for each sampled product, the 10 most-cited works naming its research terms in each of 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2020-2025, restricted to works carrying an abstract; text is the inverted index put back into reading order; a document already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 29 works rather than 30; hearables holds 20, the index carrying no work under its three phrases in the first band, and full-dive holds 12, one work in each of the first two bands and ten in the last
barriers_nsf: for each sampled product, the 10 most recent awards for its funding terms, singular and plural, over 2000-2025, newest by award date then id; text is the award's abstract; an award already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 8; haptic suits holds the 2 awards that exist under its terms, and hearables and full-dive hold none, since no award matches theirs
barriers_federal_register: none drawn: the barrier sample follows chain two's rule, works and awards; each product's rules are counted by its regulation stage
relevance: the 20 most recent works for the root's research terms, and the 20 most recent awards for its funding terms, labelled about or not about from the document's title and text; none of the 40 is also a barrier document
relevance_fiction: 20 works of the fiction walk for the catalogue heading virtual reality, 599 works long, every 29th by key from the first, a pick with no year replaced by the next dated work; text is the work's own description and subjects; published is 1 January of the catalogue's year; labelled about (a work of fiction in which a world entered through a computer, or a computer worn on the body, appears on the record) and dated as chain three's were
relevance_clinical_trials: the registry holds 1,868 studies for the root's testing terms, 1,538 of them first posted on or before the cutoff; the newest 20 by first-posted date then id are read in full and labelled about or not about from the study's title and summary
relevance_federal_register: every rule the root's regulation terms match, final and proposed, 5 final rules and 6 proposed rules, all 11 taken because the source holds fewer than 20; newest first within each type; text is the search row's own abstract, as chain one's relevance-only rules carry; labelled about or not about from the rule's title and abstract
gate: Corpus.as_of(2025-12-31) at sample-build time; this run re-gates every document through the same cutoff
truth method: docs/atlas-truth-method-wearable-computing.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 37/39 (kappa 0.77) for smart glasses, 63/63 (1.00) for wrist-worn computers, 27/28 (0.89) for vr headsets, 18/19 (0.88) for hearables, 40/42 (0.88) for data gloves, 22/28 (0.46) for motion controllers, 21/23 (0.47) for eye tracking, 25/25 (1.00) for haptic suits and 7/8 (0.60) for full-dive; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there, the relevance sample covers five sources, among them the 11 Federal Register rules the root's regulation terms match, every one of which both readers called not about; recorded there too are the two products under kappa 0.6 and the thin samples hearables (20 documents) and full-dive (12) carry

Wrist-worn computers

What was searched · 3 of 5 stages measured

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
research: smartwatch, smartwatches, activity tracker, wearable sensor
funding: smartwatch, smartwatches, activity tracker, wearable sensor, activity trackers, wearable sensors
testing: smartwatch, smartwatches, activity tracker, wearable sensor
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

After arrival: first consumer activity tracker, 2009: the record held; 4,922.2 works a year at the peak in 2025, the 5 years to 2025 at 1.00 of it. first mass-market smartwatch, 2015: the record held; 4,922.2 works a year at the peak in 2025, the 5 years to 2025 at 1.00 of it.

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 170-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 6 · Wrist-worn computers: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
funding: 400 awards in 2000–2025
testing: 2,230 studies registered in 2000–2025
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

Citations · 4 edges measured on this literature

Fig. 7 · edges measured on the literature of Wrist-worn computers
edge	variant	share	reach	works citing the cited set (of works with references)	coverage (works with references / works)	references (into the cited set / all)	cited works	overlap
barcode scanner (negative control) to Wrist-worn computers	overlap kept	<0.001	0.001	28/29,548	29,548/40,177	29/1,213,212	920	0 removed from the cited side
barcode scanner (negative control) to Wrist-worn computers	overlap dropped from the citing side	<0.001	0.001	28/29,548	29,548/40,177	29/1,213,212	920	0 dropped from the citing side
Wearable computing to Wrist-worn computers	overlap kept	0.01	0.28	8,153/29,548	29,548/40,177	14,833/1,213,212	16,515	2,232 removed from the cited side
Wearable computing to Wrist-worn computers	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.02	0.33	9,225/27,951	27,951/37,945	18,301/1,138,612	18,747	2,232 dropped from the citing side

Score · weak · 0.39

Each bar is one component of the score, 0 to 1; the barrier penalty is taken off and drawn to the left. The score is the mean of the determined components, less the penalty.

On growth it sits 0.47 of the way from smoke detector to large language model; hand-checked barriers cost it 0.30.

How the score was worked · 5 components

growth: 0.47
dependency: 0.28
precedence: 1.00
stages: 1.00
barriers: -0.30

growth: 0.47 on a log scale where the mature control sits at 0 (3.0x) and the boom control at 1 (16,491x); smoothed growth 173x against the index's 2.6x
dependency: 0.28 of the product's works with recorded references cite at least one root work (reference coverage 0.74 of 40,177 works; 14,833 of 1,213,212 references land in the root's 16,515 works)
precedence: the root crossed a tenth of its peak in 2014, before the product in 2015
stages: 3 of 3 measured stages show signal (research 40,285, funding 400, testing 2,230); regulation unmeasured
barriers: 6 physical, 1 biological on 7 distinct sentences of 8 recorded; component -0.30
score: 0.39 = mean of 4 determined components (0.69) with the barrier penalty (-0.30); labelled weak

Barriers · 8 found in 40 documents read

40 documents were read for barriers; 33 of them yielded a candidate sentence, 63 candidate sentences in all. 8 hand-checked barriers were found in 7 of those documents. The other 33 documents are negatives: 26 substantive, with candidates and none of them a barrier, and 7 trivial, with no candidate at all.

Hand-checked barriers

NSF 2521430 · 2025-08-07physical

However, limited tools for measuring infants’ movements in the home are a barrier to understanding the factors that give rise to individual differences in opportunities for movement as well as individual differences in caregiving practices that can predict motor learning outcomes in infancy.

NSF 2521431 · 2025-08-07physical

However, limited tools for measuring infants’ movements in the home are a barrier to understanding the factors that give rise to individual differences in opportunities for movement as well as individual differences in caregiving practices that can predict motor learning outcomes in infancy.

NSF 2545071 · 2025-08-29physical

The main challenges to achieving such goals are the noisy RF data and strong interference coming from the dynamic environment.

OpenAlex W2768123168 · 2017-11-28physical

There have also been significant challenges in making significant fundamental improvements to existing mechanical, electrical, and optical sensing modalities, especially in improving their specificity of detection.

OpenAlex W3207015672 · 2021-10-15physical

However, the practical applications of most wearable sensors are generally limited by their poor stretchability and sensitivity, unsatisfactory strength, lower conductivity, and single sensory function.

OpenAlex W4360989166 · 2023-03-27physical

Existing major challenges in wearable sensors include: improving the sweat extraction and sweat sensing capabilities, improving the form factor of the wearable device for minimal discomfort and reliable measurements when worn, and understanding the clinical value of sweat analytes toward biomarker discovery.

OpenAlex W4389203612 · 2023-11-29physical

Despite the progress to date in the development of wearable sensors, there are still several limitations in the accuracy of the data collected, precise disease diagnosis, and early treatment.

OpenAlex W2768123168 · 2017-11-28biological

Many of these challenges can be understood by appreciating the body's surface (skin) as more of an information barrier than as an information source.

economic, political and social barriers do not occur in this truth, so those kinds are unmeasured, not measured as zero.

The automation experiment · baseline scored, model not run

The automation experiment

Scores against the same truth
record set	precision	recall	kind accuracy	negatives clean	substantive negatives clean
baseline	0/28	0/8	0/0	17/33	10/26

The model layer has not run; its score against the same truth will appear here beside the baseline's.

Negatives that received a barrier: baseline: 2447659, 2451363, 2515271, 2515296, 2533956, W2084553975, W2158764002, W2158904676, W2172292165, W2266982813, W2573003069, W2912648566, W2987985090, W3037734338, W3199500021, W4285891242.

Every candidate sentence · 63 sentences

Every candidate sentence

What each layer kept
document	index	sentence	kept by
2447659	5	The REU Site will directly address the educational and economic challenges faced by rural Appalachian students, and result in equipping them with the skills and guidance needed to pursue high-skill, tech-focused careers.	baseline
2451363	11	This project aims to explore the advantages and limitations of CNT-BP sensors in various situations.	rejected by all
2451363	13	To prove the practicality of the technology, the overarching project goals include measuring the reliability of the featured sensor, scaling the sensors into arrays for spatial recognition, and enabling human-machine interfacing via wearable sensor integrations.	baseline
2451363	14	The technical objectives include the collection of reliability metrics (sensitivity, resolution, stretchability, and durability), the mapping of stress and strain throughout relevant materials, and the translation of biometric data into relevant signals for the chosen use cases.	rejected by all
2515271	5	The center serves as a collaborative research hub uniting academic researchers, government agencies, and industry partners to address the technical and operational challenges in geo-referencing, sensor calibration, spatial data fusion, data quality assessment, data-driven and decision making.	baseline
2515271	10	Emphasis is placed on developing scalable, cost-effective approaches suitable for deployment across a wide range of platforms—from satellite systems and aerial drones to mobile devices and wearable sensors.	baseline
2515271	11	By fostering strong industry partnerships, CAGE ensures that the research remains aligned with real-world needs, accelerates technology transfer, and supports workforce development in the geospatial domain.	rejected by all
2515296	4	The Industry–University Cooperative Research Center (IUCRC) for Accurate Georeferencing of the Environment (CAGE) at Saint Louis University (SLU), in partnership with The Ohio State University (OSU) and Purdue University (PU), aims to tackle this foundational challenge.	rejected by all
2515296	12	These innovations will enable scalable, cost-effective deployment across platforms ranging from satellites and UAVs to mobile phones and wearable sensors.	baseline
2521430	1	However, limited tools for measuring infants’ movements in the home are a barrier to understanding the factors that give rise to individual differences in opportunities for movement as well as individual differences in caregiving practices that can predict motor learning outcomes in infancy.	truth
2521431	1	However, limited tools for measuring infants’ movements in the home are a barrier to understanding the factors that give rise to individual differences in opportunities for movement as well as individual differences in caregiving practices that can predict motor learning outcomes in infancy.	truth
2533956	0	Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally, yet many diagnostic and treatment decisions rely on costly or invasive procedures.	baseline
2535732	5	This technology addresses the challenges by providing well-integrated, immersive, collaborative, and virtual/physical extended reality environments.	rejected by all
2535732	14	The system architecture is comprised of three conceptual levels: node/field kit systems (local and distributed multimodal interaction), network systems software (latency, reliability, bandwidth), and computation (cluster/storage, data, analytic systems, services).	rejected by all
2545071	0	Many existing health monitoring systems are expensive, uncomfortable to wear, or can only be administered in a hospital environment.	baseline
2545071	2	The main challenges to achieving such goals are the noisy RF data and strong interference coming from the dynamic environment.	truth
2545071	12	The research agenda consists of four well integrated thrusts: (i) to investigate the challenges and fundamental performance limits of the sensors; (ii) to develop RFID-based respiration rate, pulmonary function test, and heartbeat signal monitoring schemes; (iii) to develop RFID-based pose monitoring, activity recognition, and PD detection systems; and (iv) to develop robust and fair federated learning models for handling health data.	baseline
W2029872662	6	Finally, the prospects and challenges toward the practical uses of flexible lithium-ion batteries in electronic devices are discussed.	rejected by all
W2054780155	6	Then, the principal issues and challenges are discussed, as well as the main solutions to each one of them.	rejected by all
W2084553975	0	An increase in world population along with a significant aging portion is forcing rapid rises in healthcare costs.	baseline
W2084553975	5	This paper reviews the latest reported systems on activity monitoring of humans based on wearable sensors and issues to be addressed to tackle the challenges.	baseline
W2158764002	0	Gait analysis using wearable sensors is an inexpensive, convenient, and efficient manner of providing useful information for multiple health-related applications.	baseline
W2158904676	0	How humans solve the cocktail party problem remains unknown.	baseline
W2158904676	4	However, the former is invasive and gives a relatively restricted view of processing along the auditory hierarchy, whereas the latter is expensive and rare.	baseline
W2158904676	5	Thus it would be extremely useful for research in many populations if stimulus-reconstruction was effective using electroencephalography (EEG), a widely available and inexpensive technology.	rejected by all
W2172292165	3	Our low-cost system takes advantage of the ever more complex web of WiFi links between such devices and the increasingly fine-grained channel state information that can be extracted from such links.	baseline
W2220182234	1	The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence for validity and reliability of popular consumer-wearable activity trackers (Fitbit and Jawbone) and their ability to estimate steps, distance, physical activity, energy expenditure, and sleep.	rejected by all
W2220182234	10	No studies of intradevice reliability were found.	rejected by all
W2220182234	11	Interdevice reliability was reported on seven studies using the Fitbit, but none for the Jawbone.	rejected by all
W2220182234	12	Walking- and running-based Fitbit trials indicated consistently high interdevice reliability for steps (Pearson and intraclass CC 0.76-1.00), distance (intraclass CC 0.90-0.99), and energy expenditure (Pearson and intraclass CC 0.71-0.97).	rejected by all
W2220182234	15	The evidence reviewed indicated high interdevice reliability for steps, distance, energy expenditure, and sleep for certain Fitbit models.	rejected by all
W2266982813	0	Will consumer wearable technology ever be adopted or accepted by the medical community?Patients and practitioners regularly use digital technology (e.g., thermometers and glucose monitors) to identify and discuss symptoms.In addition, a third of general practitioners in the United Kingdom report that patients arrive with suggestions for treatment based on online search results [1].However, consumer health wearables are predicted to become the next "Dr Google."One in six (15%) consumers in the United States currently uses wearable technology, including smartwatches or fitness bands.While 19 million fitness devices are likely to be sold this year, that number is predicted to grow to 110 million in 2018 [2].As the line between consumer health wearables and medical devices begins to blur, it is now possible for a single wearable device to monitor a range of medical risk factors (Fig 1).Potentially, these devices could give patients direct access to personal analytics that can contribute to their health, facilitate preventive care, and aid in the management of ongoing illness.However, how this new wearable technology might best serve medicine remains unclear.	baseline
W2266982813	2	Healthy IndividualsAt present, wearables are more likely to be purchased by individuals who already lead a healthy lifestyle and want to quantify their progress [2].The majority of wearable manufacturers (e.g., Fitbit, Jawbone, and Nike) stress the potential of their devices to become an "all-inone" platform for improving physical performance and positive habit formation.Wearable Summary Points• Consumer wearables can provide patients with personalized health data, which could assist with self-diagnosis and behaviour change interventions.• There are a number of concerns about the safety, reliability, and security of using consumer wearables in health care.• Practitioners and researchers should consider how these technological advances may impact health care in the 21st century.	baseline
W2270470215	4	We evaluate our framework on two datasets, one of which has been used in a public activity recognition challenge.	rejected by all
W2270470215	5	Our results show that our framework outperforms competing deep non-recurrent networks on the challenge dataset by 4% on average; outperforming some of the previous reported results by up to 9%.	rejected by all
W2573003069	2	Therefore, it is essential to develop cost-effective, easy-to-use systems for the sake of elderly healthcare and well-being.	baseline
W2573003069	3	Remote health monitoring, based on non-invasive and wearable sensors, actuators and modern communication and information technologies offers an efficient and cost-effective solution that allows the elderly to continue to live in their comfortable home environment instead of expensive healthcare facilities.	baseline
W2573003069	5	In this paper, we have presented and compared several low-cost and non-invasive health and activity monitoring systems that were reported in recent years.	baseline
W2573003069	7	Finally, compatibility of several communication technologies as well as future perspectives and research challenges in remote monitoring systems will be discussed.	rejected by all
W2749718288	3	Methods: We recruited participants with Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, and prodromal Huntington disease (individuals who carry the genetic marker but do not yet exhibit symptoms of the disease), and controls to wear 5 accelerometer-based sensors on their chest and limbs for standardized in-clinic assessments and for 2 days at home.	rejected by all
W2768123168	4	However, chemical sensing modalities have experienced greater challenges in commercial adoption, especially for non-invasive chemical sensors.	baseline
W2768123168	5	There have also been significant challenges in making significant fundamental improvements to existing mechanical, electrical, and optical sensing modalities, especially in improving their specificity of detection.	truth
W2768123168	6	Many of these challenges can be understood by appreciating the body's surface (skin) as more of an information barrier than as an information source.	truth
W2768123168	7	With a deeper understanding of the fundamental challenges faced for wearable sensors and of the state-of-the-art for wearable sensor technology, the roadmap becomes clearer for creating the next generation of innovations and breakthroughs.	rejected by all
W2912648566	16	Roll-to-roll gravure printing allows for mass production of high-performance flexible chemical sensors at low cost.	baseline
W2987985090	2	METHODS: Participants without atrial fibrillation (as reported by the participants themselves) used a smartphone (Apple iPhone) app to consent to monitoring.	baseline
W3024834108	3	In this review, we discuss (1) the fundamental interaction mechanisms underpinning the spectacular wet adhesion in natural mussels and mussel-inspired materials; (2) the key routes to engineering hydrogels by leveraging on the interactions of mussel-inspired building blocks; (3) the emerging applications of mussel-inspired hydrogels, especially in the areas of flexible electronics and biomedical engineering; (4) the future perspectives and unsolved challenges of this multidisciplinary field.	rejected by all
W3037734338	1	OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the validity and reliability of commercial wearables in measuring step count, heart rate, and energy expenditure.	baseline
W3037734338	4	Studies were excluded if they did not identify the device used and if they did not examine the validity or reliability of the device.	rejected by all
W3037734338	7	Reliability measures focused on intradevice and interdevice reliability.	rejected by all
W3117266371	8	The review concludes with an overview of the remaining key challenges and several ideas regarding the further improvement of wearable HMI systems.	rejected by all
W3167394498	7	The stressors, techniques, results, advantages, limitations, and issues for each study are highlighted and expected to provide a path for future research studies.	rejected by all
W3199500021	0	With the increasing demand for wearable electronics (such as smartwatch equipment, wearable health monitoring systems, and human-robot interface units), flexible energy storage systems with eco-friendly, low-cost, multifunctional characteristics, and high electrochemical performances are imperative to be constructed.	baseline
W3199500021	6	Finally, the current challenges and future developments in nanocellulose-based composites for the next generation of flexible energy storage systems are proposed.	rejected by all
W3207015672	1	However, the practical applications of most wearable sensors are generally limited by their poor stretchability and sensitivity, unsatisfactory strength, lower conductivity, and single sensory function.	truth
W3210766530	3	This paper systematically categorizes and summarizes existing work that introduces deep learning methods for wearables-based HAR and provides a comprehensive analysis of the current advancements, developing trends, and major challenges.	rejected by all
W4285891242	0	Wearable activity trackers offer an appealing, low-cost tool to address physical inactivity.	baseline
W4360989166	2	Existing major challenges in wearable sensors include: improving the sweat extraction and sweat sensing capabilities, improving the form factor of the wearable device for minimal discomfort and reliable measurements when worn, and understanding the clinical value of sweat analytes toward biomarker discovery.	truth
W4360989166	6	Furthermore, the applications, data analytics, commercialization efforts, challenges, and prospects of wearable sweat sensors for precision medicine are discussed.	baseline
W4389203612	0	Disease diagnosis and monitoring using conventional healthcare services is typically expensive and has limited accuracy.	baseline
W4389203612	1	Wearable health technology based on flexible electronics has gained tremendous attention in recent years for monitoring patient health owing to attractive features, such as lower medical costs, quick access to patient health data, ability to operate and transmit data in harsh environments, storage at room temperature, non-invasive implementation, mass scaling, etc.	baseline
W4389203612	4	Despite the progress to date in the development of wearable sensors, there are still several limitations in the accuracy of the data collected, precise disease diagnosis, and early treatment.	truth
W4389203612	9	Finally, we present the challenges and future opportunities associated with smart wearable sensors.	rejected by all

Method · 12 settings

Method

selection rule: every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped
required term: none: rule bodies were narrowed by the markers alone
note on the required term: no term was required: every barrier document was drawn for its own product's research or funding terms, and abstracts and award texts are never narrowed; no Federal Register rule was drawn into the barrier sample
barriers_openalex: for each sampled product, the 10 most-cited works naming its research terms in each of 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2020-2025, restricted to works carrying an abstract; text is the inverted index put back into reading order; a document already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 29 works rather than 30; hearables holds 20, the index carrying no work under its three phrases in the first band, and full-dive holds 12, one work in each of the first two bands and ten in the last
barriers_nsf: for each sampled product, the 10 most recent awards for its funding terms, singular and plural, over 2000-2025, newest by award date then id; text is the award's abstract; an award already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 8; haptic suits holds the 2 awards that exist under its terms, and hearables and full-dive hold none, since no award matches theirs
barriers_federal_register: none drawn: the barrier sample follows chain two's rule, works and awards; each product's rules are counted by its regulation stage
relevance: the 20 most recent works for the root's research terms, and the 20 most recent awards for its funding terms, labelled about or not about from the document's title and text; none of the 40 is also a barrier document
relevance_fiction: 20 works of the fiction walk for the catalogue heading virtual reality, 599 works long, every 29th by key from the first, a pick with no year replaced by the next dated work; text is the work's own description and subjects; published is 1 January of the catalogue's year; labelled about (a work of fiction in which a world entered through a computer, or a computer worn on the body, appears on the record) and dated as chain three's were
relevance_clinical_trials: the registry holds 1,868 studies for the root's testing terms, 1,538 of them first posted on or before the cutoff; the newest 20 by first-posted date then id are read in full and labelled about or not about from the study's title and summary
relevance_federal_register: every rule the root's regulation terms match, final and proposed, 5 final rules and 6 proposed rules, all 11 taken because the source holds fewer than 20; newest first within each type; text is the search row's own abstract, as chain one's relevance-only rules carry; labelled about or not about from the rule's title and abstract
gate: Corpus.as_of(2025-12-31) at sample-build time; this run re-gates every document through the same cutoff
truth method: docs/atlas-truth-method-wearable-computing.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 37/39 (kappa 0.77) for smart glasses, 63/63 (1.00) for wrist-worn computers, 27/28 (0.89) for vr headsets, 18/19 (0.88) for hearables, 40/42 (0.88) for data gloves, 22/28 (0.46) for motion controllers, 21/23 (0.47) for eye tracking, 25/25 (1.00) for haptic suits and 7/8 (0.60) for full-dive; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there, the relevance sample covers five sources, among them the 11 Federal Register rules the root's regulation terms match, every one of which both readers called not about; recorded there too are the two products under kappa 0.6 and the thin samples hearables (20 documents) and full-dive (12) carry

VR headsets

What was searched · 3 of 5 stages measured

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
research: virtual reality headset, virtual reality headsets, VR headset
funding: virtual reality headset, virtual reality headsets, VR headset
testing: virtual reality headset, virtual reality headsets, VR headset
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

After arrival: first consumer virtual reality headset, 2016: the record held; 690.0 works a year at the peak in 2025, the 5 years to 2025 at 1.00 of it.

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 200-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 8 · VR headsets: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
funding: 33 awards in 2000–2025
testing: 626 studies registered in 2000–2025
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

Citations · 6 edges measured on this literature

Fig. 9 · edges measured on the literature of VR headsets
edge	variant	share	reach	works citing the cited set (of works with references)	coverage (works with references / works)	references (into the cited set / all)	cited works	overlap
barcode scanner (negative control) to VR headsets	overlap kept	0.00	0.00	0/3,468	3,468/5,283	0/104,140	920	0 removed from the cited side
barcode scanner (negative control) to VR headsets	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.00	0.00	0/3,468	3,468/5,283	0/104,140	920	0 dropped from the citing side
Humanoid robots to VR headsets	overlap kept	0.002	0.03	87/3,468	3,468/5,283	164/104,140	22,413	13 removed from the cited side
Humanoid robots to VR headsets	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.001	0.02	81/3,458	3,458/5,270	111/103,861	22,426	13 dropped from the citing side
Wearable computing to VR headsets	overlap kept	0.002	0.04	142/3,468	3,468/5,283	206/104,140	18,726	21 removed from the cited side
Wearable computing to VR headsets	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.002	0.04	144/3,456	3,456/5,262	192/103,845	18,747	21 dropped from the citing side

Succession · VR headsets citing Humanoid robots · never crossed a tenth; the pooled reach peaked at 0.03 in 2021

The share of VR headsets works each year whose references touch the Humanoid robots literature; a gap is a year whose works carry no references. Read with the overlap dropped from the citing side, the edge never crossed. The pooled reach peaked at 0.03 in 2017.

Score · weak · 0.33

Each bar is one component of the score, 0 to 1; the barrier penalty is taken off and drawn to the left. The score is the mean of the determined components, less the penalty.

On growth it sits 0.49 of the way from smoke detector to large language model; hand-checked barriers cost it 0.30.

How the score was worked · 5 components

growth: 0.49
dependency: 0.04
precedence: 1.00
stages: 1.00
barriers: -0.30

growth: 0.49 on a log scale where the mature control sits at 0 (3.0x) and the boom control at 1 (16,491x); smoothed growth 203x against the index's 2.6x
dependency: 0.04 of the product's works with recorded references cite at least one root work (reference coverage 0.66 of 5,283 works; 206 of 104,140 references land in the root's 18,726 works)
precedence: the root crossed a tenth of its peak in 2014, before the product in 2016
stages: 3 of 3 measured stages show signal (research 5,299, funding 33, testing 626); regulation unmeasured
barriers: 5 physical on 5 distinct sentences of 5 recorded; component -0.30
score: 0.33 = mean of 4 determined components (0.63) with the barrier penalty (-0.30); labelled weak

Barriers · 5 found in 40 documents read

40 documents were read for barriers; 19 of them yielded a candidate sentence, 28 candidate sentences in all. 5 hand-checked barriers were found in 5 of those documents. The other 35 documents are negatives: 14 substantive, with candidates and none of them a barrier, and 21 trivial, with no candidate at all.

Hand-checked barriers

NSF 2316240 · 2023-08-22physical

Head-mounted displays block out the surrounding real world, which can hide obstacles, such as tables, pets, walls, or other potential collision hazards.

NSF 2433105 · 2024-08-21physical

As such, this thin metal cannot be reduced any further, and still limits the amount of light that can pass from the OLED.

OpenAlex W2770867434 · 2017-11-29physical

However, the lack of interactions in VR, such as data interaction, human-building interaction, and human-human interaction, has impeded the adoption of VR in the AEC industry.

OpenAlex W3001201849 · 2020-02-08physical

Design challenges emerge though by this new kind of immersive media due to the 2D form of resources used for their construction, the lack of depth, the limited interaction and the need to address the sense of presence.

OpenAlex W3209992943 · 2021-10-25physical

Nonetheless, to simultaneously match the exceptional performance of human vision and keep the near-eye display module compact and lightweight imposes unprecedented challenges on optical engineering.

biological, economic, political and social barriers do not occur in this truth, so those kinds are unmeasured, not measured as zero.

The automation experiment · baseline scored, model not run

The automation experiment

Scores against the same truth
record set	precision	recall	kind accuracy	negatives clean	substantive negatives clean
baseline	3/15	3/5	1/3	25/35	4/14

The model layer has not run; its score against the same truth will appear here beside the baseline's.

Mistyped
record set	document	sentence	got	expected
baseline	W2770867434	however, the lack of interactions in vr, such as data interaction, human-building interaction, and human-human interaction, has impeded the adoption of vr in the aec industry.	biological	physical
baseline	W3209992943	nonetheless, to simultaneously match the exceptional performance of human vision and keep the near-eye display module compact and lightweight imposes unprecedented challenges on optical engineering.	biological	physical

Negatives that received a barrier: baseline: 2204825, 2225135, 2309564, W2032418235, W2600007407, W2998309229, W3048921023, W3167315278, W3177014436, W4311702767.

Every candidate sentence · 28 sentences

Every candidate sentence

What each layer kept
document	index	sentence	kept by
2204825	7	Building on a proprietary flat optics technology, the project may lead to a 3D sensor module featuring panoramic vision, significant spatial resolution improvements, enhanced signal-to-noise ratio, and a compact, lightweight architecture amenable to low-cost manufacturing and assembly.	baseline
2225135	8	The multidisciplinary research team in this project will develop two dynamic human-virtual reality interaction systems—one involving walking through a virtual world while avoiding obstacles, and the other controlling a prosthetic arm and hand with a foot controller.	baseline
2309564	2	A key challenge in learning AI is that its solutions are less transparent than traditional algorithmic solutions that mimic high-level human reasoning.	baseline
2316240	1	Head-mounted displays block out the surrounding real world, which can hide obstacles, such as tables, pets, walls, or other potential collision hazards.	truth, baseline
2316240	6	The objective of this project is to create and evaluate reconstruction, segmentation, and motion-prediction techniques to inform obstacle avoidance feedback and reduce the incidence of injury to people using virtual reality head mounted displays.	rejected by all
2316240	7	Providing feedback tailored to the specific locations of the user's body that are in proximity to real obstacles will, ideally, reduce user collisions with real-world objects compared to prior approaches.	baseline
2316240	8	Specifically, the team will 1) determine the best approaches to real obstacle detection and segmentation, 2) investigate the efficacy of full body motion prediction approaches, 3) ascertain the optimal modality and locations of real obstacle alerts to maximize presence while minimizing collisions, and 4) evaluate the longitudinal impact of real obstacle alert systems in virtual reality systems.	baseline
2433105	8	As such, this thin metal cannot be reduced any further, and still limits the amount of light that can pass from the OLED.	truth
W1988806098	3	To implement a game whose mechanics are so reliant on binocular cues that the game becomes impossible or at least very difficult to play in non-stereoscopic mode.	rejected by all
W1988806098	8	The advanced game showed that by disrupting the depth from motion cue the game became more difficult in monoscopic 2D.	rejected by all
W2032418235	0	We present methods for efficiently maintaining human head orientation using low-cost MEMS sensors.	baseline
W2600007407	0	BACKGROUND: Improvements in software and design and reduction in cost have made virtual reality (VR) a practical tool for immersive, three-dimensional (3D), multisensory experiences that distract patients from painful stimuli.	baseline
W2770867434	1	In reality, it is difficult to create a common understanding about a project among key stakeholders located remotely.	rejected by all
W2770867434	3	However, the lack of interactions in VR, such as data interaction, human-building interaction, and human-human interaction, has impeded the adoption of VR in the AEC industry.	truth, baseline
W2784520583	1	This method can overcome the difficulty of controlling the variation of luminous conditions, one of the main challenges in experimental studies using daylight, and its novelty lies in the implementation of physically based renderings into an immersive virtual environment.	rejected by all
W2899457298	4	The difficulty facing the researcher is that sophisticated 3-D graphics engines (e.g., Unity) have been created for game designers rather than behavioral scientists.	rejected by all
W2899457298	5	To overcome this barrier, we have created a set of tools and programming syntaxes that allow logical encoding of the common experimental features required by the behavioral scientist.	rejected by all
W2998309229	0	BACKGROUND: Regular mindfulness practice has been demonstrated to be beneficial for mental health, but mindfulness can be challenging to adopt, with environmental and personal distractors often cited as challenges.	baseline
W2998309229	1	Virtual reality (VR) may address these challenges by providing an immersive environment for practicing mindfulness and by supporting the user to orient attention to the present moment within a tailored virtual setting.	rejected by all
W2998309229	18	VR may help address the challenges of practicing mindfulness by creating a sense of presence in a tailored VE; by allowing users to attend to visual and auditory anchors of their choice; and by reducing the scope of the content in users' mind-wandering.	rejected by all
W3001201849	1	Design challenges emerge though by this new kind of immersive media due to the 2D form of resources used for their construction, the lack of depth, the limited interaction and the need to address the sense of presence.	truth
W3048921023	6	Additionally, we introduce a detection-by-tracking method that increases smoothness while reducing the computational cost; the optimized system runs at 60Hz on PC and 30Hz on a mobile processor.	baseline
W3167315278	0	BACKGROUND: Mental health conditions pose a major challenge to health care providers and society at large.	baseline
W3177014436	1	Considering the lack of VR empirical research, the indirect effect of interactivity and vividness on perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment through telepresence and the moderating effect of consumer previous experience with VR are also included.	baseline
W3209992943	1	Nonetheless, to simultaneously match the exceptional performance of human vision and keep the near-eye display module compact and lightweight imposes unprecedented challenges on optical engineering.	truth, baseline
W3209992943	2	Fortunately, recent progress in holographic optical elements (HOEs) and lithography-enabled devices provide innovative ways to tackle these obstacles in AR and VR that are otherwise difficult with traditional optics.	rejected by all
W4281778727	6	The operation principles, potential applications, and future challenges of these advanced LC devices will be discussed.	rejected by all
W4311702767	3	The refined framework serves as foundation for a research roadmap on RMSIs in the metaverse, in which we highlight the critical roles of specific mediating and moderating forces along with interactional formats for future investigations of the metaverse and also name key business areas and societal challenges that deserve scholarly attention.	baseline

Method · 12 settings

Method

selection rule: every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped
required term: none: rule bodies were narrowed by the markers alone
note on the required term: no term was required: every barrier document was drawn for its own product's research or funding terms, and abstracts and award texts are never narrowed; no Federal Register rule was drawn into the barrier sample
barriers_openalex: for each sampled product, the 10 most-cited works naming its research terms in each of 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2020-2025, restricted to works carrying an abstract; text is the inverted index put back into reading order; a document already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 29 works rather than 30; hearables holds 20, the index carrying no work under its three phrases in the first band, and full-dive holds 12, one work in each of the first two bands and ten in the last
barriers_nsf: for each sampled product, the 10 most recent awards for its funding terms, singular and plural, over 2000-2025, newest by award date then id; text is the award's abstract; an award already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 8; haptic suits holds the 2 awards that exist under its terms, and hearables and full-dive hold none, since no award matches theirs
barriers_federal_register: none drawn: the barrier sample follows chain two's rule, works and awards; each product's rules are counted by its regulation stage
relevance: the 20 most recent works for the root's research terms, and the 20 most recent awards for its funding terms, labelled about or not about from the document's title and text; none of the 40 is also a barrier document
relevance_fiction: 20 works of the fiction walk for the catalogue heading virtual reality, 599 works long, every 29th by key from the first, a pick with no year replaced by the next dated work; text is the work's own description and subjects; published is 1 January of the catalogue's year; labelled about (a work of fiction in which a world entered through a computer, or a computer worn on the body, appears on the record) and dated as chain three's were
relevance_clinical_trials: the registry holds 1,868 studies for the root's testing terms, 1,538 of them first posted on or before the cutoff; the newest 20 by first-posted date then id are read in full and labelled about or not about from the study's title and summary
relevance_federal_register: every rule the root's regulation terms match, final and proposed, 5 final rules and 6 proposed rules, all 11 taken because the source holds fewer than 20; newest first within each type; text is the search row's own abstract, as chain one's relevance-only rules carry; labelled about or not about from the rule's title and abstract
gate: Corpus.as_of(2025-12-31) at sample-build time; this run re-gates every document through the same cutoff
truth method: docs/atlas-truth-method-wearable-computing.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 37/39 (kappa 0.77) for smart glasses, 63/63 (1.00) for wrist-worn computers, 27/28 (0.89) for vr headsets, 18/19 (0.88) for hearables, 40/42 (0.88) for data gloves, 22/28 (0.46) for motion controllers, 21/23 (0.47) for eye tracking, 25/25 (1.00) for haptic suits and 7/8 (0.60) for full-dive; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there, the relevance sample covers five sources, among them the 11 Federal Register rules the root's regulation terms match, every one of which both readers called not about; recorded there too are the two products under kappa 0.6 and the thin samples hearables (20 documents) and full-dive (12) carry

Hearables

What was searched · 3 of 5 stages measured

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
research: hearable device, smart earbuds, wireless earbuds
funding: hearable device, smart earbuds, wireless earbuds
testing: hearable device, smart earbuds, wireless earbuds
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

After arrival: first mass-market wireless earbuds, 2016: the record held; 27.4 works a year at the peak in 2025, the 5 years to 2025 at 1.00 of it.

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 69.0-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 10 · Hearables: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
funding: 0 awards in 2000–2025
testing: 0 studies registered in 2000–2025
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

Citations · 6 edges measured on this literature

Fig. 11 · edges measured on the literature of Hearables
edge	variant	share	reach	works citing the cited set (of works with references)	coverage (works with references / works)	references (into the cited set / all)	cited works	overlap
barcode scanner (negative control) to Hearables	overlap kept	0.00	0.00	0/111	111/175	0/3,674	920	0 removed from the cited side
barcode scanner (negative control) to Hearables	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.00	0.00	0/111	111/175	0/3,674	920	0 dropped from the citing side
Care robots to Hearables	overlap kept	0.00	0.00	0/111	111/175	0/3,674	1,572	0 removed from the cited side
Care robots to Hearables	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.00	0.00	0/111	111/175	0/3,674	1,572	0 dropped from the citing side
Wearable computing to Hearables	overlap kept	0.02	0.41	46/111	111/175	85/3,674	18,731	16 removed from the cited side
Wearable computing to Hearables	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.02	0.37	37/99	99/159	67/3,338	18,747	16 dropped from the citing side

Succession · Hearables citing Care robots · never crossed a tenth; the pooled reach peaked at 0.00 in 2016

The share of Hearables works each year whose references touch the Care robots literature; a gap is a year whose works carry no references. Read with the overlap dropped from the citing side, the edge never crossed. The pooled reach peaked at 0.00 in 2016.

Score · weak · 0.23

Each bar is one component of the score, 0 to 1; the barrier penalty is taken off and drawn to the left. The score is the mean of the determined components, less the penalty.

On growth it sits 0.36 of the way from smoke detector to large language model; hand-checked barriers cost it 0.30.

How the score was worked · 5 components

growth: 0.36
dependency: 0.41
precedence: 1.00
stages: 0.33
barriers: -0.30

growth: 0.36 on a log scale where the mature control sits at 0 (3.0x) and the boom control at 1 (16,491x); smoothed growth 69.0x against the index's 2.6x
dependency: 0.41 of the product's works with recorded references cite at least one root work (reference coverage 0.63 of 175 works; 85 of 3,674 references land in the root's 18,731 works)
precedence: the root crossed a tenth of its peak in 2014, before the product in 2019
stages: 1 of 3 measured stages show signal (research 175; funding 0, testing 0); regulation unmeasured
barriers: 4 physical, 2 social on 6 distinct sentences of 6 recorded; component -0.30
score: 0.23 = mean of 4 determined components (0.53) with the barrier penalty (-0.30); labelled weak

Barriers · 6 found in 20 documents read

20 documents were read for barriers; 8 of them yielded a candidate sentence, 19 candidate sentences in all. 6 hand-checked barriers were found in 4 of those documents. The other 16 documents are negatives: 4 substantive, with candidates and none of them a barrier, and 12 trivial, with no candidate at all.

Hand-checked barriers

OpenAlex W2742722178 · 2017-08-04physical

Translating the successes in AAD research to real-world applications poses a number of challenges, including the lack of access to the clean sound sources in the environment with which to compare with the neural signals.

OpenAlex W2921955829 · 2019-02-01physical

However, measurements from form-factor-accurate prototypes reveal path loss that is still rather large (e.g., 30-to-45dB across 20cm [3]), with unfortunately severe variation with posture and environments that requires energy-expensive compensation.

OpenAlex W2921955829 · 2019-02-01physical

Since far-field RF has significant path loss around the human body (e.g., up to 70dB at 2.4GHz), most RF body-area-network (BAN) systems such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) have significant energy-expensive amplification requirements consuming milliwatts of power, and thus do not meet the energy demands of emerging small devices.

OpenAlex W3174183721 · 2021-06-23physical

Despite its mature application in rigid machine mobility (e.g., robot and aircraft), tracking human users via mobile devices remains a fundamental challenge due to the intractable gait/posture patterns.

OpenAlex W2982923285 · 2019-11-01social

Despite evidence supporting improved listening abilities and quality of life as a result of hearing aid use,1 device uptake remains poor.

OpenAlex W2982923285 · 2019-11-01social

However, three participants said that they would not use the app in difficult listening environments, and all five participants indicated that they would prefer to use a hearing aid as opposed to the app (if they had hearing loss).

biological, economic and political barriers do not occur in this truth, so those kinds are unmeasured, not measured as zero.

The automation experiment · baseline scored, model not run

The automation experiment

Scores against the same truth
record set	precision	recall	kind accuracy	negatives clean	substantive negatives clean
baseline	3/10	3/6	1/3	13/16	1/4

The model layer has not run; its score against the same truth will appear here beside the baseline's.

Mistyped
record set	document	sentence	got	expected
baseline	W2921955829	however, measurements from form-factor-accurate prototypes reveal path loss that is still rather large (e.g., 30-to-45db across 20cm [3]), with unfortunately severe variation with posture and environments that requires energy-expensive compensation.	economic	physical
baseline	W2921955829	since far-field rf has significant path loss around the human body (e.g., up to 70db at 2.4ghz), most rf body-area-network (ban) systems such as bluetooth low energy (ble) have significant energy-expensive amplification requirements consuming milliwatts of power, and thus do not meet the energy demands of emerging small devices.	economic	physical

Negatives that received a barrier: baseline: W2593519715, W4200628964, W4281674952.

Every candidate sentence · 19 sentences

Every candidate sentence

What each layer kept
document	index	sentence	kept by
W2593519715	5	A company representative for Bose stressed that the company does not see Hearphones as a hearing aid, but instead as a personal sound amplification device (PSAP). “Bose customers have been writing to us for decades requesting that we apply our industry-leading audio- and noise-canceling technologies in a product that will help people hear better,” a company representative said. “Ultimately, Bose hopes to substantially improve the lives of underserved people who have hearing loss by changing the paradigm for better hearing while creating a major new growth business.” Given that many people begin considering hearing aids when listening to conversations in noisy settings becomes difficult, Bose's distinction between hearing aids and PSAPs may be lost on everyday consumers who are simply looking for devices to help them hear better.	baseline
W2593519715	11	Plus, the FDA also said it is weighing the creation of a new, low-cost category of over-the-counter hearing aids. “The guidance will support consumer access to most hearing aids while the FDA takes the steps necessary to propose to modify our regulations to create a category of OTC hearing aids that could help many Americans improve their quality of life through better hearing,” said FDA Commissioner Robert Califf, MD.	baseline
W2593519715	27	It remains the only product with significant ‘standalone’ functionality—meaning consumers can leave their mobile device at home” and rely on the Dash instead.	rejected by all
W2742722178	0	OBJECTIVE: People who suffer from hearing impairments can find it difficult to follow a conversation in a multi-speaker environment.	rejected by all
W2742722178	3	Translating the successes in AAD research to real-world applications poses a number of challenges, including the lack of access to the clean sound sources in the environment with which to compare with the neural signals.	truth
W2766910928	1	Another important feature of hearable devices is their capability to improve speech communication in difficult social settings, which usually consist of a mixture of different non-stationary noise.	rejected by all
W2921955829	1	Since far-field RF has significant path loss around the human body (e.g., up to 70dB at 2.4GHz), most RF body-area-network (BAN) systems such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) have significant energy-expensive amplification requirements consuming milliwatts of power, and thus do not meet the energy demands of emerging small devices.	truth, baseline
W2921955829	5	However, measurements from form-factor-accurate prototypes reveal path loss that is still rather large (e.g., 30-to-45dB across 20cm [3]), with unfortunately severe variation with posture and environments that requires energy-expensive compensation.	truth, baseline
W2982923285	2	Despite evidence supporting improved listening abilities and quality of life as a result of hearing aid use,1 device uptake remains poor.	truth
W2982923285	6	Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a non binding guidance document no longer enforcing medical assessment before the provision of amplification,6 thus allowing alternative self-test diagnostics and hearing devices.IStock/elenabs2. internet, telehealth, hearing loss.Figure 1: Views on listening experience while using smartphone hearing aid apps (n=5), internet, telehealth, hearing loss.Table 1: Latency (milliseconds;ms) from Original Sound Source to Output via Wired Earbuds for Android Smartphones and Applications, internet, telehealth, hearing loss.Table 2: Latency (milliseconds;ms) from Original Sound Source to Output from Wired Earbuds for iPhone 6 Across Applications, internet, telehealth, hearing loss.Table 3: Signal-to-Noise Ratio Improvement (dB SNR) Across Hearing Aid Applications, Noise Suppression (NS), or Program Settings for Android Smartphones, internet, telehealth, hearing loss.Table 4: Signal-to-Noise Ratio Improvement (dB SNR) Across Hearing aid Applications, Noise Suppression (NS)/ Noise Reduction (NR), or Program Settings for iPhone 6, internet, telehealth, hearing loss.Table 5: Cost of Smartphone Hearing Aid Apps for Android and iOS (USD), internet, telehealth, hearing loss.The ubiquitous nature of smartphones and the rise of hearing aid applications (apps) are promising, widely accessible, and affordable amplification alternatives to traditional hearing aids for certain people.7,8 To date, 61 percent of the global population are mobile internet users, with an expected growth to 79 percent by 2025.9 Amid rapid technological advancements, a large number of smartphone hearing aid apps are now available.	baseline
W2982923285	11	The apps had to: be downloadable and function without internet connection; be simple to use without specialist knowledge; function through inexpensive wired earbuds or headphones; and produce reasonable quality sound as assessed through an informal listening check.	rejected by all
W2982923285	48	In general, apps with better sound quality performance were more expensive (Table 5).	baseline
W2982923285	52	However, three participants said that they would not use the app in difficult listening environments, and all five participants indicated that they would prefer to use a hearing aid as opposed to the app (if they had hearing loss).	truth
W2982923285	65	Hearing aid apps have the potential to increase global access to amplification at a reduced cost, increase awareness of hearing loss, and reduce stigma related to wearing hearing aids.7 In addition, periodic app updates could ensure that the user always has the latest software and features available.	baseline
W3174183721	1	Despite its mature application in rigid machine mobility (e.g., robot and aircraft), tracking human users via mobile devices remains a fundamental challenge due to the intractable gait/posture patterns.	truth, baseline
W3174183721	7	DeepIT introduces a data-driven reliability aware attention model, which assesses the reliability of each IMU and opportunistically synthesizes their data to mitigate the impacts of motion noise.	rejected by all
W3174183721	8	Furthermore, DeepIT uses a reliability aware magnetometer compensation scheme to combat the angular drifting problem caused by unrestricted motion artifacts.	rejected by all
W4200628964	5	Among all these models, ATS-UNet was the most cost-efficient because the proposed novel Audio Temporal Shift Module (ATSM) reduces the network's dimensionality while maintaining sufficient temporal features from speech audio.	baseline
W4281674952	0	Abstract Human nonverbal communication tools are very ambiguous and difficult to transfer to machines or artificial intelligence (AI).	baseline

Method · 12 settings

Method

selection rule: every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped
required term: none: rule bodies were narrowed by the markers alone
note on the required term: no term was required: every barrier document was drawn for its own product's research or funding terms, and abstracts and award texts are never narrowed; no Federal Register rule was drawn into the barrier sample
barriers_openalex: for each sampled product, the 10 most-cited works naming its research terms in each of 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2020-2025, restricted to works carrying an abstract; text is the inverted index put back into reading order; a document already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 29 works rather than 30; hearables holds 20, the index carrying no work under its three phrases in the first band, and full-dive holds 12, one work in each of the first two bands and ten in the last
barriers_nsf: for each sampled product, the 10 most recent awards for its funding terms, singular and plural, over 2000-2025, newest by award date then id; text is the award's abstract; an award already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 8; haptic suits holds the 2 awards that exist under its terms, and hearables and full-dive hold none, since no award matches theirs
barriers_federal_register: none drawn: the barrier sample follows chain two's rule, works and awards; each product's rules are counted by its regulation stage
relevance: the 20 most recent works for the root's research terms, and the 20 most recent awards for its funding terms, labelled about or not about from the document's title and text; none of the 40 is also a barrier document
relevance_fiction: 20 works of the fiction walk for the catalogue heading virtual reality, 599 works long, every 29th by key from the first, a pick with no year replaced by the next dated work; text is the work's own description and subjects; published is 1 January of the catalogue's year; labelled about (a work of fiction in which a world entered through a computer, or a computer worn on the body, appears on the record) and dated as chain three's were
relevance_clinical_trials: the registry holds 1,868 studies for the root's testing terms, 1,538 of them first posted on or before the cutoff; the newest 20 by first-posted date then id are read in full and labelled about or not about from the study's title and summary
relevance_federal_register: every rule the root's regulation terms match, final and proposed, 5 final rules and 6 proposed rules, all 11 taken because the source holds fewer than 20; newest first within each type; text is the search row's own abstract, as chain one's relevance-only rules carry; labelled about or not about from the rule's title and abstract
gate: Corpus.as_of(2025-12-31) at sample-build time; this run re-gates every document through the same cutoff
truth method: docs/atlas-truth-method-wearable-computing.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 37/39 (kappa 0.77) for smart glasses, 63/63 (1.00) for wrist-worn computers, 27/28 (0.89) for vr headsets, 18/19 (0.88) for hearables, 40/42 (0.88) for data gloves, 22/28 (0.46) for motion controllers, 21/23 (0.47) for eye tracking, 25/25 (1.00) for haptic suits and 7/8 (0.60) for full-dive; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there, the relevance sample covers five sources, among them the 11 Federal Register rules the root's regulation terms match, every one of which both readers called not about; recorded there too are the two products under kappa 0.6 and the thin samples hearables (20 documents) and full-dive (12) carry

Data gloves

What was searched · 3 of 5 stages measured

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
research: data glove, data gloves, haptic glove, haptic gloves
funding: data glove, data gloves, haptic glove, haptic gloves
testing: data glove, data gloves, haptic glove, haptic gloves
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

After arrival: not read: arrived 1989, before the record.

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 4.1-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 12 · Data gloves: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
funding: 15 awards in 2000–2025
testing: 8 studies registered in 2000–2025
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

Citations · 4 edges measured on this literature

Fig. 13 · edges measured on the literature of Data gloves
edge	variant	share	reach	works citing the cited set (of works with references)	coverage (works with references / works)	references (into the cited set / all)	cited works	overlap
barcode scanner (negative control) to Data gloves	overlap kept	0.00	0.00	0/1,547	1,547/2,149	0/35,534	920	0 removed from the cited side
barcode scanner (negative control) to Data gloves	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.00	0.00	0/1,547	1,547/2,149	0/35,534	920	0 dropped from the citing side
Wearable computing to Data gloves	overlap kept	0.01	0.10	159/1,547	1,547/2,149	270/35,534	18,724	23 removed from the cited side
Wearable computing to Data gloves	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.01	0.10	157/1,532	1,532/2,126	239/35,234	18,747	23 dropped from the citing side

Score · weak · 0.03

Each bar is one component of the score, 0 to 1; the barrier penalty is taken off and drawn to the left. The score is the mean of the determined components, less the penalty.

On growth it sits 0.03 of the way from smoke detector to large language model; hand-checked barriers cost it 0.35.

How the score was worked · 5 components

growth: 0.03
dependency: 0.10
precedence: undetermined
stages: 1.00
barriers: -0.35

growth: 0.03 on a log scale where the mature control sits at 0 (3.0x) and the boom control at 1 (16,491x); smoothed growth 4.1x against the index's 2.6x
dependency: 0.10 of the product's works with recorded references cite at least one root work (reference coverage 0.72 of 2,149 works; 270 of 35,534 references land in the root's 18,724 works)
precedence: undetermined at this window (the product crossed a tenth of its peak in 2000, the window's first year)
stages: 3 of 3 measured stages show signal (research 2,150, funding 15, testing 8); regulation unmeasured
barriers: 10 physical, 1 economic on 11 distinct sentences of 11 recorded; component -0.35
score: 0.03 = mean of 3 determined components (0.38), precedence undetermined, with the barrier penalty (-0.35); labelled weak

Barriers · 11 found in 40 documents read

40 documents were read for barriers; 22 of them yielded a candidate sentence, 42 candidate sentences in all. 11 hand-checked barriers were found in 11 of those documents. The other 29 documents are negatives: 11 substantive, with candidates and none of them a barrier, and 18 trivial, with no candidate at all.

Hand-checked barriers

NSF 1652454 · 2017-01-31physical

So the human operator must mentally and physically transform (e.g., rotate, translate, scale, deform) the desired robot actions to required inputs at the interface; these transformations significantly increase control difficulty.

NSF 1929748 · 2019-07-18physical

The reason is that existing systems cannot mimic the texture, softness, wetness, thermal conductivity, tack, and other near-surface properties of biological tissue.

NSF 2118380 · 2021-09-07physical

This work is significant because current haptic technologies combined with extended reality do not yet provide sufficient realism and variability to effectively develop the fine motor skills.

OpenAlex W1661573186 · 2015-05-07physical

For identifying human or finger movement, it is necessary to sense subtle movements at multiple points, including the local strain and global deformation simultaneously; however, this has not yet been realized.

OpenAlex W2144794162 · 2014-01-01physical

Major drawbacks of current sensing glove systems are lack of rotational observability in particular directions, labour intensive calibration methods which are sensitive to wear and lack of an absolute hand orientation estimate.

OpenAlex W2952112287 · 2019-06-11physical

The lack of systematic research on materials, devices, and processes during printing makes it a huge challenge to apply the DIW process more deeply and widely.

OpenAlex W2998922900 · 2020-01-19physical

However, hydrogel fibers are difficult to manufacture and easy to dry and freeze, which significantly hinders their wide range of applications.

OpenAlex W3006672203 · 2020-02-16physical

Hand pose estimation is a big academic and technical challenge due to the complex structure and dexterous movement of human hands.

OpenAlex W3012377897 · 2020-01-01physical

While electronic skin continues to achieve higher sensitivity and faster response, its ultimate performance is fundamentally limited by the nature of low-frequency AC currents.

OpenAlex W4220788735 · 2022-03-28physical

These equipment are either bulky, inconvenient to carry and use, or expensive to popularize.

NSF 2322849 · 2023-05-10economic

However, dynamic tactile graphic displays today are often prohibitively expensive.

biological, political and social barriers do not occur in this truth, so those kinds are unmeasured, not measured as zero.

The automation experiment · baseline scored, model not run

The automation experiment

Scores against the same truth
record set	precision	recall	kind accuracy	negatives clean	substantive negatives clean
baseline	6/22	6/11	2/6	22/29	4/11

The model layer has not run; its score against the same truth will appear here beside the baseline's.

Mistyped
record set	document	sentence	got	expected
baseline	1652454	so the human operator must mentally and physically transform (e.g., rotate, translate, scale, deform) the desired robot actions to required inputs at the interface; these transformations significantly increase control difficulty.	biological	physical
baseline	W1661573186	for identifying human or finger movement, it is necessary to sense subtle movements at multiple points, including the local strain and global deformation simultaneously; however, this has not yet been realized.	biological	physical
baseline	W3006672203	hand pose estimation is a big academic and technical challenge due to the complex structure and dexterous movement of human hands.	biological	physical
baseline	W4220788735	these equipment are either bulky, inconvenient to carry and use, or expensive to popularize.	economic	physical

Negatives that received a barrier: baseline: 2202468, 2202469, W2048857879, W2867409326, W2956872328, W3159051549, W4206965993.

Every candidate sentence · 42 sentences

Every candidate sentence

What each layer kept
document	index	sentence	kept by
1652454	3	So the human operator must mentally and physically transform (e.g., rotate, translate, scale, deform) the desired robot actions to required inputs at the interface; these transformations significantly increase control difficulty.	truth, baseline
1652454	4	The primary research goal of this project is to develop a novel goal-guided self-reflective control interface (GSRCI), which will enable the robot to understand the operator's high-level objective during an object-grasping operation and to conform to task constraints in order to reduce control difficulties and ensure the success of subsequent manipulation.	rejected by all
1929748	5	The reason is that existing systems cannot mimic the texture, softness, wetness, thermal conductivity, tack, and other near-surface properties of biological tissue.	truth, baseline
2118380	0	Although performing intravenous (IV) insertion is a very common medical procedure, it is technically difficult to master as demonstrated by the 35%-50% failure rate resulting in a negative cycle of re-insertions leading to increased patient harm and costs to the healthcare system.	baseline
2118380	6	This work is significant because current haptic technologies combined with extended reality do not yet provide sufficient realism and variability to effectively develop the fine motor skills.	truth
2118380	16	The developed platform as an automatic self-practice system will provide free access to this medium for instructors and students alike in healthcare or related communities to extend and use even under a pandemic, for broadening participation for under-represented and financially challenged groups.	baseline
2202468	7	The project adopts a blended approach that aims to address limitations of computer visualizations that fail to deliver to students a feeling for the small world beyond their senses.	rejected by all
2202468	8	Moreover, the technology the project team aims to produce will result in a significant cost reduction to the price of commercial gloves.	baseline
2202469	7	The project adopts a blended approach that aims to address limitations of computer visualizations that fail to deliver to students a feeling for the small world beyond their senses.	rejected by all
2202469	8	Moreover, the technology the project team aims to produce will result in a significant cost reduction to the price of commercial gloves.	baseline
2322849	2	However, dynamic tactile graphic displays today are often prohibitively expensive.	truth, baseline
2322849	3	The low cost and compactness of this technology could drastically change the availability of tactile graphic displays as well as refreshable Braille.	baseline
2322849	7	Additionally, the arrays are low cost, lightweight, and they scale favorably for large numbers of actuators.	baseline
W1661573186	0	For identifying human or finger movement, it is necessary to sense subtle movements at multiple points, including the local strain and global deformation simultaneously; however, this has not yet been realized.	truth, baseline
W1683421958	7	The results show that glove used for interaction is better than normal static keyboard and mouse as the interaction process is more accurate and natural in dynamic environment with no distance limitations.	rejected by all
W2048857879	10	Nevertheless, human ECoG data are often hard to obtain because of the risks and limitations of the invasive procedures involved, and the need to record within the constraints of clinical settings.	baseline
W2048857879	25	The decision to include a prospective patient in the research is based on the planned location of their electrodes, on the patient's performance scores on neuropsychological assessments, and on their informed consent, which is predicated on their understanding that participation in research is optional and is not related to their treatment.	baseline
W2048857879	49	Although ECS mapping remains the gold standard for predicting the clinical outcome of resection, the process of ECS mapping is time consuming and also has other problems, such as after-discharges or seizures.	rejected by all
W2099800354	6	The proposed system works without the need for full instrumentation of the hand (for example using data gloves), additional sensors in the environment, or depth cameras which are currently prohibitive for mobile scenarios due to power and form-factor considerations.	rejected by all
W2099800354	8	We conclude with a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of our system, and discussion of strengths, limitations and future work.	rejected by all
W2144794162	1	Major drawbacks of current sensing glove systems are lack of rotational observability in particular directions, labour intensive calibration methods which are sensitive to wear and lack of an absolute hand orientation estimate.	truth
W2144794162	7	The dynamic range of the sensing system and filter was adequate to reconstruct full 80 degrees movements of the index finger performed at 116 times per minute, which was limited by the range of the gyroscope.	rejected by all
W2144794162	8	Finally, the reliability study showed a mean range difference over five subjects of 1.1±0.4 degrees for a flat hand test and 1.8±0.6 degrees for a plastic mold clenching test, which is smaller than other reported data gloves.	rejected by all
W2144794162	10	It allows for estimation of multi-degree of freedom joint movements using low-cost sensors.	baseline
W2867409326	2	Here, we report development of a NiO@SiO 2 /PVDF nanocomposite, a facile piezoelectric material possessing superior flexibility that is light in weight and has low cost, which is an excellent choice for the next generation mechanical energy harvester and tactile e-skin sensors.	baseline
W2952112287	2	The lack of systematic research on materials, devices, and processes during printing makes it a huge challenge to apply the DIW process more deeply and widely.	truth
W2956872328	1	We demonstrate how our device can be fabricated and calibrated at low cost, using simple tools available in most fabrication labs.	baseline
W2956872328	3	The network is trained only once, using an inexpensive off-the-shelf hand pose reconstruction system to gather the training data.	rejected by all
W2981157619	2	To address this critical challenge, an integrated multimaterial 3D printing process composed of direct ink writing (DIW) of sealing silicone elastomer and special LM‐silicone (LMS) inks for manufacturing high‐performance LM‐based flexible and stretchable electronics is presented.	rejected by all
W2998922900	3	However, hydrogel fibers are difficult to manufacture and easy to dry and freeze, which significantly hinders their wide range of applications.	truth
W2998922900	4	Herein, organohydrogel fibers are designed to address these challenges.	rejected by all
W2998922900	8	Accordingly, strain sensors made from the organohydrogel fibers accurately capture high‐frequency (4 Hz) and high‐speed (24 cm s −1 ) motion and exhibit little drift for 1000 stretch–release cycles, and are powerful for detecting rapid cyclic motions such as engine valves and are difficult to reach by previously reported conductive fibers.	baseline
W3006672203	1	Hand pose estimation is a big academic and technical challenge due to the complex structure and dexterous movement of human hands.	truth, baseline
W3006672203	8	Moreover, the advantages and drawbacks of the current hand gesture estimation methods, the applicative scope, and related challenges are also discussed.	rejected by all
W3012377897	1	While electronic skin continues to achieve higher sensitivity and faster response, its ultimate performance is fundamentally limited by the nature of low-frequency AC currents.	truth
W3133995976	7	Comparative experiment results verify the reliability and efficiency of the proposed method.	rejected by all
W3159051549	2	In this study, we first design a low-cost and efficient data glove with simple hardware structure to capture finger movement and bending simultaneously.	baseline
W4206965993	1	The development of flexible strain sensors offers the possibility of directly measuring the finger motion behaviors for accurate and cost‐effective hand gesture recognition, by placing the sensors on the fingers or integrating them on data gloves.	baseline
W4206965993	4	In addition to continuous performance optimization of the flexible strain sensor devices, the development of system‐level algorithms is shown to be important for not only recognition functions but also for suppression of nonidealities of the sensor devices, which are difficult to be addressed at device and material level.	rejected by all
W4220788735	3	These equipment are either bulky, inconvenient to carry and use, or expensive to popularize.	truth, baseline
W4220788735	4	Therefore, the development of a convenient and low-cost high-precision human-computer interaction device can contribute positively to the development of virtual reality technology.	baseline
W4220788735	6	The wristband is convenient to wear, low in cost, and does not affect other daily operations of the hand.	baseline

Method · 12 settings

Method

selection rule: every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped
required term: none: rule bodies were narrowed by the markers alone
note on the required term: no term was required: every barrier document was drawn for its own product's research or funding terms, and abstracts and award texts are never narrowed; no Federal Register rule was drawn into the barrier sample
barriers_openalex: for each sampled product, the 10 most-cited works naming its research terms in each of 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2020-2025, restricted to works carrying an abstract; text is the inverted index put back into reading order; a document already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 29 works rather than 30; hearables holds 20, the index carrying no work under its three phrases in the first band, and full-dive holds 12, one work in each of the first two bands and ten in the last
barriers_nsf: for each sampled product, the 10 most recent awards for its funding terms, singular and plural, over 2000-2025, newest by award date then id; text is the award's abstract; an award already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 8; haptic suits holds the 2 awards that exist under its terms, and hearables and full-dive hold none, since no award matches theirs
barriers_federal_register: none drawn: the barrier sample follows chain two's rule, works and awards; each product's rules are counted by its regulation stage
relevance: the 20 most recent works for the root's research terms, and the 20 most recent awards for its funding terms, labelled about or not about from the document's title and text; none of the 40 is also a barrier document
relevance_fiction: 20 works of the fiction walk for the catalogue heading virtual reality, 599 works long, every 29th by key from the first, a pick with no year replaced by the next dated work; text is the work's own description and subjects; published is 1 January of the catalogue's year; labelled about (a work of fiction in which a world entered through a computer, or a computer worn on the body, appears on the record) and dated as chain three's were
relevance_clinical_trials: the registry holds 1,868 studies for the root's testing terms, 1,538 of them first posted on or before the cutoff; the newest 20 by first-posted date then id are read in full and labelled about or not about from the study's title and summary
relevance_federal_register: every rule the root's regulation terms match, final and proposed, 5 final rules and 6 proposed rules, all 11 taken because the source holds fewer than 20; newest first within each type; text is the search row's own abstract, as chain one's relevance-only rules carry; labelled about or not about from the rule's title and abstract
gate: Corpus.as_of(2025-12-31) at sample-build time; this run re-gates every document through the same cutoff
truth method: docs/atlas-truth-method-wearable-computing.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 37/39 (kappa 0.77) for smart glasses, 63/63 (1.00) for wrist-worn computers, 27/28 (0.89) for vr headsets, 18/19 (0.88) for hearables, 40/42 (0.88) for data gloves, 22/28 (0.46) for motion controllers, 21/23 (0.47) for eye tracking, 25/25 (1.00) for haptic suits and 7/8 (0.60) for full-dive; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there, the relevance sample covers five sources, among them the 11 Federal Register rules the root's regulation terms match, every one of which both readers called not about; recorded there too are the two products under kappa 0.6 and the thin samples hearables (20 documents) and full-dive (12) carry

Motion controllers

What was searched · 3 of 5 stages measured

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
research: motion controller, motion controllers, motion-sensing controller, light gun
funding: motion controller, motion controllers, motion-sensing controller, light gun
testing: motion controller, motion controllers, motion-sensing controller, light gun
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

After arrival: first mass-market motion controller, 2006: the record held; 271.0 works a year at the peak in 2022, the 5 years to 2025 at 0.94 of it.

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 3.1-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 14 · Motion controllers: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
funding: 20 awards in 2000–2025
testing: 20 studies registered in 2000–2025
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

Citations · 8 edges measured on this literature

Fig. 15 · edges measured on the literature of Motion controllers
edge	variant	share	reach	works citing the cited set (of works with references)	coverage (works with references / works)	references (into the cited set / all)	cited works	overlap
barcode scanner (negative control) to Motion controllers	overlap kept	0.00	0.00	0/3,328	3,328/5,098	0/70,371	920	0 removed from the cited side
barcode scanner (negative control) to Motion controllers	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.00	0.00	0/3,328	3,328/5,098	0/70,371	920	0 dropped from the citing side
Data gloves to Motion controllers	overlap kept	0.002	0.04	118/3,328	3,328/5,098	165/70,371	2,129	20 removed from the cited side
Data gloves to Motion controllers	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.002	0.04	125/3,313	3,313/5,078	175/70,099	2,149	20 dropped from the citing side
Teleoperated robots to Motion controllers	overlap kept	0.001	0.01	47/3,328	3,328/5,098	54/70,371	1,777	3 removed from the cited side
Teleoperated robots to Motion controllers	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.001	0.01	46/3,325	3,325/5,095	53/70,287	1,780	3 dropped from the citing side
Wearable computing to Motion controllers	overlap kept	0.001	0.02	54/3,328	3,328/5,098	60/70,371	18,746	1 removed from the cited side
Wearable computing to Motion controllers	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.001	0.02	54/3,328	3,328/5,097	60/70,371	18,747	1 dropped from the citing side

Succession · Motion controllers citing Data gloves · never crossed a tenth; the pooled reach peaked at 0.06 in 2021

The share of Motion controllers works each year whose references touch the Data gloves literature; a gap is a year whose works carry no references. Read with the overlap dropped from the citing side, the edge never crossed. The pooled reach peaked at 0.06 in 2021.

Succession · Motion controllers citing Teleoperated robots · never crossed a tenth; the pooled reach peaked at 0.03 in 2024

The share of Motion controllers works each year whose references touch the Teleoperated robots literature; a gap is a year whose works carry no references. Read with the overlap dropped from the citing side, the edge never crossed. The pooled reach peaked at 0.03 in 2024.

Score · weak · 0.00

Each bar is one component of the score, 0 to 1; the barrier penalty is taken off and drawn to the left. The score is the mean of the determined components, less the penalty.

On growth it sits 0.002 of the way from smoke detector to large language model; hand-checked barriers cost it 0.30.

How the score was worked · 5 components

growth: 0.002
dependency: 0.02
precedence: 0.00
stages: 1.00
barriers: -0.30

growth: 0.002 on a log scale where the mature control sits at 0 (3.0x) and the boom control at 1 (16,491x); smoothed growth 3.1x against the index's 2.6x
dependency: 0.02 of the product's works with recorded references cite at least one root work (reference coverage 0.65 of 5,098 works; 60 of 70,371 references land in the root's 18,746 works)
precedence: the product crossed a tenth of its peak in 2001, before the root in 2014
stages: 3 of 3 measured stages show signal (research 5,114, funding 20, testing 20); regulation unmeasured
barriers: 4 physical on 4 distinct sentences of 4 recorded; component -0.30
score: 0.00 = mean of 4 determined components (0.25) with the barrier penalty (-0.30), clamped at 0.00; labelled weak

Barriers · 4 found in 40 documents read

40 documents were read for barriers; 17 of them yielded a candidate sentence, 28 candidate sentences in all. 4 hand-checked barriers were found in 4 of those documents. The other 36 documents are negatives: 13 substantive, with candidates and none of them a barrier, and 23 trivial, with no candidate at all.

Hand-checked barriers

NSF 2330794 · 2023-07-06physical

Some tasks cannot be done this way, because the object may be delicate, or large relative to the robot's arm or hand.

OpenAlex W2018204822 · 2014-02-21physical

The Leap Motion Controller undoubtedly represents a revolutionary input device for gesture-based human-computer interaction; however, due to its rather limited sensory space and inconsistent sampling frequency, in its current configuration it cannot currently be used as a professional tracking system.

OpenAlex W2768613576 · 2017-01-01physical

Most virtual reality systems are only applicable to the proximal upper limbs (arms) because of the limitations of their capture systems.

OpenAlex W2964114602 · 2018-10-01physical

Thus it remains unclear how well DRL will succeed on realizable bipedal robots.

biological, economic, political and social barriers do not occur in this truth, so those kinds are unmeasured, not measured as zero.

The automation experiment · baseline scored, model not run

The automation experiment

Scores against the same truth
record set	precision	recall	kind accuracy	negatives clean	substantive negatives clean
baseline	2/9	2/4	2/2	32/36	9/13

The model layer has not run; its score against the same truth will appear here beside the baseline's.

Negatives that received a barrier: baseline: 1825709, 2036272, 2427788, W2085748178.

Every candidate sentence · 28 sentences

Every candidate sentence

What each layer kept
document	index	sentence	kept by
1657235	1	However, autonomy in teams of robots remains somewhat in its infancy.	rejected by all
1734416	3	For example, these unpowered prostheses cannot propel the amputee users forward in walking, and cannot push them up while standing up or climbing stairs.	rejected by all
1734416	5	These powered prostheses can help amputees to walk more easily and naturally, and also provide power to support activities previously unattainable or extremely difficult with existing unpowered prostheses (such as standing up and stair climbing).	rejected by all
1734501	3	For example, these unpowered prostheses cannot propel the amputee users forward in walking, and cannot push them up while standing up or climbing stairs.	rejected by all
1734501	5	These powered prostheses can help amputees to walk more easily and naturally, and also provide power to support activities previously unattainable or extremely difficult with existing unpowered prostheses (such as standing up and stair climbing).	rejected by all
1825709	9	Methods include the extraction of features related to pedestrian behavior from existing datasets and their use in training a deep neural network (DNN) to model pedestrian dynamics; the use of inverse reinforcement learning to generate a cost map that humans follow to navigate; the implementation of the map within a robot motion controller; and the experimental testing and validation of the controller in real-world human environments using objective and subjective performance criteria.	baseline
1841666	5	This I-Corps project uses a precise motion controller with a high speed large force electrohydraulic actuator to mitigate the most fundamental limitation of the conventional RCM, an inherently rigid actuation system.	rejected by all
1841666	9	The controlled trajectory rapid compression and expansion machine alleviates this limitation with its precisely controllable actuation system.	rejected by all
2036272	2	The innovation will enable IoT developers to create new MEMS-based products at a fraction of the cost and time typical today.	baseline
2036272	4	This project will enable for the first time, a true low-cost rapid manufacturing capability for the MEMS community, thus addressing a long standing challenge in the industry.	baseline
2330794	1	Some tasks cannot be done this way, because the object may be delicate, or large relative to the robot's arm or hand.	truth
2330794	17	The trained network will be tested in experiments involving a robot arm pushing a large box over step-like obstacles designed to require changes in contact conditions during manipulation.	rejected by all
2427788	0	This award supports research that enables robots to perform hazardous and difficult tasks typically performed by humans such as search and rescue in natural disasters, thereby promoting the progress of science, advancing prosperity and advancing human welfare.	baseline
2427788	2	The two-legged form of humans makes them naturally adept at navigating these difficult scenarios.	baseline
2427788	4	This project will solve this challenge and hence advance robotics by enabling bipedal robots to dynamically navigate chaotic and unstructured environments.	rejected by all
2427788	6	Beyond technological advancements, all project outcomes will be made available as open-source, aiming to reduce the entry barriers to humanoid robot research.	baseline
W151252481	2	These ageing societies face numerous challenges in performing simple tasks in Activities of Daily Living “ADLs”.	rejected by all
W2018204822	8	The Leap Motion Controller undoubtedly represents a revolutionary input device for gesture-based human-computer interaction; however, due to its rather limited sensory space and inconsistent sampling frequency, in its current configuration it cannot currently be used as a professional tracking system.	truth, baseline
W2085748178	0	Patient nonadherence with therapy is a major barrier to rehabilitation.	rejected by all
W2085748178	1	Recovery is often limited and requires prolonged, intensive rehabilitation that is time-consuming, expensive, and difficult.	baseline
W2768613576	1	Most virtual reality studies have involved chronic stroke patients; however, brain plasticity remains good in acute and subacute patients.	rejected by all
W2768613576	2	Most virtual reality systems are only applicable to the proximal upper limbs (arms) because of the limitations of their capture systems.	truth, baseline
W2768613576	3	Nevertheless, the functional recovery of an affected hand is most difficult in the case of hemiparesis rehabilitation after a stroke.	rejected by all
W2964114602	5	Thus it remains unclear how well DRL will succeed on realizable bipedal robots.	truth
W3023487080	0	BACKGROUND: Dexterity and activities of daily living limitations on the upper limb (UL) represent one of the most common problems in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).	rejected by all
W3119113223	5	Additionally, the asymptotic stability of the system equilibrium point is strictly proven; more importantly, the difficulty of stability analysis is significantly decreased based on the elaborately constructed Lyapunov function candidate.	rejected by all
W4285108207	8	A number of challenges may arise when dealing with this problem (e.g., the model uncertainties involved in the vehicle dynamics, system variable limits, and the presence of external disturbances).	rejected by all
W4312950889	0	Complex traffic scenarios pose a challenge to the cooperation control of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs).	rejected by all

Method · 12 settings

Method

selection rule: every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped
required term: none: rule bodies were narrowed by the markers alone
note on the required term: no term was required: every barrier document was drawn for its own product's research or funding terms, and abstracts and award texts are never narrowed; no Federal Register rule was drawn into the barrier sample
barriers_openalex: for each sampled product, the 10 most-cited works naming its research terms in each of 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2020-2025, restricted to works carrying an abstract; text is the inverted index put back into reading order; a document already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 29 works rather than 30; hearables holds 20, the index carrying no work under its three phrases in the first band, and full-dive holds 12, one work in each of the first two bands and ten in the last
barriers_nsf: for each sampled product, the 10 most recent awards for its funding terms, singular and plural, over 2000-2025, newest by award date then id; text is the award's abstract; an award already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 8; haptic suits holds the 2 awards that exist under its terms, and hearables and full-dive hold none, since no award matches theirs
barriers_federal_register: none drawn: the barrier sample follows chain two's rule, works and awards; each product's rules are counted by its regulation stage
relevance: the 20 most recent works for the root's research terms, and the 20 most recent awards for its funding terms, labelled about or not about from the document's title and text; none of the 40 is also a barrier document
relevance_fiction: 20 works of the fiction walk for the catalogue heading virtual reality, 599 works long, every 29th by key from the first, a pick with no year replaced by the next dated work; text is the work's own description and subjects; published is 1 January of the catalogue's year; labelled about (a work of fiction in which a world entered through a computer, or a computer worn on the body, appears on the record) and dated as chain three's were
relevance_clinical_trials: the registry holds 1,868 studies for the root's testing terms, 1,538 of them first posted on or before the cutoff; the newest 20 by first-posted date then id are read in full and labelled about or not about from the study's title and summary
relevance_federal_register: every rule the root's regulation terms match, final and proposed, 5 final rules and 6 proposed rules, all 11 taken because the source holds fewer than 20; newest first within each type; text is the search row's own abstract, as chain one's relevance-only rules carry; labelled about or not about from the rule's title and abstract
gate: Corpus.as_of(2025-12-31) at sample-build time; this run re-gates every document through the same cutoff
truth method: docs/atlas-truth-method-wearable-computing.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 37/39 (kappa 0.77) for smart glasses, 63/63 (1.00) for wrist-worn computers, 27/28 (0.89) for vr headsets, 18/19 (0.88) for hearables, 40/42 (0.88) for data gloves, 22/28 (0.46) for motion controllers, 21/23 (0.47) for eye tracking, 25/25 (1.00) for haptic suits and 7/8 (0.60) for full-dive; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there, the relevance sample covers five sources, among them the 11 Federal Register rules the root's regulation terms match, every one of which both readers called not about; recorded there too are the two products under kappa 0.6 and the thin samples hearables (20 documents) and full-dive (12) carry

Eye tracking

What was searched · 3 of 5 stages measured

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
research: eye tracking, gaze tracking, eye tracker
funding: eye tracking, gaze tracking, eye tracker, eye trackers
testing: eye tracking, gaze tracking, eye tracker
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

After arrival: first eye tracking in a consumer headset, 2016: the record held; 4,555.2 works a year at the peak in 2025, the 5 years to 2025 at 1.00 of it.

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 22.4-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 16 · Eye tracking: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
funding: 504 awards in 2000–2025
testing: 750 studies registered in 2000–2025
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

Citations · 6 edges measured on this literature

Fig. 17 · edges measured on the literature of Eye tracking
edge	variant	share	reach	works citing the cited set (of works with references)	coverage (works with references / works)	references (into the cited set / all)	cited works	overlap
barcode scanner (negative control) to Eye tracking	overlap kept	<0.001	<0.001	4/35,694	35,694/53,991	5/1,456,131	920	0 removed from the cited side
barcode scanner (negative control) to Eye tracking	overlap dropped from the citing side	<0.001	<0.001	4/35,694	35,694/53,991	5/1,456,131	920	0 dropped from the citing side
Motion controllers to Eye tracking	overlap kept	<0.001	0.003	117/35,694	35,694/53,991	150/1,456,131	5,085	13 removed from the cited side
Motion controllers to Eye tracking	overlap dropped from the citing side	<0.001	0.003	118/35,687	35,687/53,978	144/1,455,947	5,098	13 dropped from the citing side
Wearable computing to Eye tracking	overlap kept	0.001	0.02	600/35,694	35,694/53,991	758/1,456,131	18,669	78 removed from the cited side
Wearable computing to Eye tracking	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.001	0.02	789/35,646	35,646/53,913	963/1,454,635	18,747	78 dropped from the citing side

Succession · Eye tracking citing Motion controllers · never crossed a tenth; the pooled reach peaked at 0.004 in 2020

The share of Eye tracking works each year whose references touch the Motion controllers literature; a gap is a year whose works carry no references. Read with the overlap dropped from the citing side, the edge never crossed. The pooled reach peaked at 0.004 in 2020.

Score · weak · 0.26

Each bar is one component of the score, 0 to 1; the barrier penalty is taken off and drawn to the left. The score is the mean of the determined components, less the penalty.

On growth it sits 0.23 of the way from smoke detector to large language model; hand-checked barriers cost it 0.05.

How the score was worked · 5 components

growth: 0.23
dependency: 0.02
precedence: 0.00
stages: 1.00
barriers: -0.05

growth: 0.23 on a log scale where the mature control sits at 0 (3.0x) and the boom control at 1 (16,491x); smoothed growth 22.4x against the index's 2.6x
dependency: 0.02 of the product's works with recorded references cite at least one root work (reference coverage 0.66 of 53,991 works; 758 of 1,456,131 references land in the root's 18,669 works)
precedence: the product crossed a tenth of its peak in 2009, before the root in 2014
stages: 3 of 3 measured stages show signal (research 54,067, funding 504, testing 750); regulation unmeasured
barriers: 1 economic on 1 distinct sentence of 1 recorded; component -0.05
score: 0.26 = mean of 4 determined components (0.31) with the barrier penalty (-0.05); labelled weak

Barriers · 1 found in 37 documents read

37 documents were read for barriers; 17 of them yielded a candidate sentence, 23 candidate sentences in all. 1 hand-checked barrier was found in 1 of those documents. The other 36 documents are negatives: 16 substantive, with candidates and none of them a barrier, and 20 trivial, with no candidate at all.

Hand-checked barriers

OpenAlex W2981679558 · 2019-11-07economic

Advances in neuroimaging, genomic, motion tracking, eye-tracking and many other technology-based data collection methods have led to a torrent of high dimensional datasets, which commonly have a small number of samples because of the intrinsic high cost of data collection involving human participants.

physical, biological, political and social barriers do not occur in this truth, so those kinds are unmeasured, not measured as zero.

The automation experiment · baseline scored, model not run

The automation experiment

Scores against the same truth
record set	precision	recall	kind accuracy	negatives clean	substantive negatives clean
baseline	1/9	1/1	1/1	29/36	9/16

The model layer has not run; its score against the same truth will appear here beside the baseline's.

Negatives that received a barrier: baseline: 2519019, 2519020, 2520821, W2028261273, W3137529719, W4205563072, W4317213439.

Every candidate sentence · 23 sentences

Every candidate sentence

What each layer kept
document	index	sentence	kept by
2436881	10	Also, novel opportunities will be opened for improving training approaches for people with attention or cognitive challenges.	rejected by all
2436881	15	Currently, the speed at which construction workers and professionals gain knowledge and skills needed to complete job tasks safely remains inadequate.	rejected by all
2436882	10	Also, novel opportunities will be opened for improving training approaches for people with attention or cognitive challenges.	rejected by all
2436882	15	Currently, the speed at which construction workers and professionals gain knowledge and skills needed to complete job tasks safely remains inadequate.	rejected by all
2519019	4	This project utilizes recent advances in eye-tracking technology to accomplish a goal previously unachievable due to both hardware and software limitations.	baseline
2519020	4	This project utilizes recent advances in eye-tracking technology to accomplish a goal previously unachievable due to both hardware and software limitations.	baseline
2520821	4	Because many street intersections can look similar to one another, confusing one intersection for another can lead to costly mistakes.	baseline
W2028261273	0	The pursuit of social rank is a recurrent and pervasive challenge faced by individuals in all human societies.	baseline
W2028261273	1	Yet, the precise means through which individuals compete for social standing remains unclear.	rejected by all
W2032007016	4	This has made direct comparison of models difficult.	rejected by all
W2032007016	9	Different models often have common easy/difficult stimuli.	rejected by all
W2032007016	11	Our study allows one to assess the state-of-the-art, helps to organizing this rapidly growing field, and sets a unified comparison framework for gauging future efforts, similar to the PASCAL VOC challenge in the object recognition and detection domains.	rejected by all
W2117170968	1	However, the value of these methods in predicting advertising success remains underresearched.	rejected by all
W2212216676	9	In addition, our model ranks top to date under all seven metrics on the MIT300 challenge set.	rejected by all
W2614113705	5	All functionality is evaluated across a series of hardware prototypes; we discuss remaining challenges to incorporate all features into a single device.	rejected by all
W2782905495	0	Psychological scientists have become increasingly concerned with issues related to methodology and replicability, and infancy researchers in particular face specific challenges related to replicability: For example, high-powered studies are difficult to conduct, testing conditions vary across labs, and different labs have access to different infant populations.	rejected by all
W2981679558	0	Advances in neuroimaging, genomic, motion tracking, eye-tracking and many other technology-based data collection methods have led to a torrent of high dimensional datasets, which commonly have a small number of samples because of the intrinsic high cost of data collection involving human participants.	truth, baseline
W3137529719	1	Although eye tracking is gaining ground in the research community, it is not yet a popular approach for the detection of emotional and cognitive states.	baseline
W3137529719	6	The limitations, current open research problems and prospective future research directions were discussed for the usage of eye-tracking as the primary sensor modality.	baseline
W4205563072	7	Finally, we discuss our observations based on applications of these measures, the benefits and practical challenges involving these measures, and our recommendations on future eye-tracking research directions.	baseline
W4293217494	1	However, whether influencers with lower or higher follower count are more effective in generating engagement remains an open question.	rejected by all
W4317213439	3	We performed a broad review to comprehensively search academic literature databases with the aim of assessing the extent of published research dealing with applications of eye tracking in virtual reality, and highlighting challenges, limitations and areas for future research.	baseline
W4386800155	9	Our review analysis also presented potential challenges in the existing literature and directions for future research.	rejected by all

Method · 12 settings

Method

selection rule: every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped
required term: none: rule bodies were narrowed by the markers alone
note on the required term: no term was required: every barrier document was drawn for its own product's research or funding terms, and abstracts and award texts are never narrowed; no Federal Register rule was drawn into the barrier sample
barriers_openalex: for each sampled product, the 10 most-cited works naming its research terms in each of 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2020-2025, restricted to works carrying an abstract; text is the inverted index put back into reading order; a document already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 29 works rather than 30; hearables holds 20, the index carrying no work under its three phrases in the first band, and full-dive holds 12, one work in each of the first two bands and ten in the last
barriers_nsf: for each sampled product, the 10 most recent awards for its funding terms, singular and plural, over 2000-2025, newest by award date then id; text is the award's abstract; an award already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 8; haptic suits holds the 2 awards that exist under its terms, and hearables and full-dive hold none, since no award matches theirs
barriers_federal_register: none drawn: the barrier sample follows chain two's rule, works and awards; each product's rules are counted by its regulation stage
relevance: the 20 most recent works for the root's research terms, and the 20 most recent awards for its funding terms, labelled about or not about from the document's title and text; none of the 40 is also a barrier document
relevance_fiction: 20 works of the fiction walk for the catalogue heading virtual reality, 599 works long, every 29th by key from the first, a pick with no year replaced by the next dated work; text is the work's own description and subjects; published is 1 January of the catalogue's year; labelled about (a work of fiction in which a world entered through a computer, or a computer worn on the body, appears on the record) and dated as chain three's were
relevance_clinical_trials: the registry holds 1,868 studies for the root's testing terms, 1,538 of them first posted on or before the cutoff; the newest 20 by first-posted date then id are read in full and labelled about or not about from the study's title and summary
relevance_federal_register: every rule the root's regulation terms match, final and proposed, 5 final rules and 6 proposed rules, all 11 taken because the source holds fewer than 20; newest first within each type; text is the search row's own abstract, as chain one's relevance-only rules carry; labelled about or not about from the rule's title and abstract
gate: Corpus.as_of(2025-12-31) at sample-build time; this run re-gates every document through the same cutoff
truth method: docs/atlas-truth-method-wearable-computing.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 37/39 (kappa 0.77) for smart glasses, 63/63 (1.00) for wrist-worn computers, 27/28 (0.89) for vr headsets, 18/19 (0.88) for hearables, 40/42 (0.88) for data gloves, 22/28 (0.46) for motion controllers, 21/23 (0.47) for eye tracking, 25/25 (1.00) for haptic suits and 7/8 (0.60) for full-dive; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there, the relevance sample covers five sources, among them the 11 Federal Register rules the root's regulation terms match, every one of which both readers called not about; recorded there too are the two products under kappa 0.6 and the thin samples hearables (20 documents) and full-dive (12) carry

Haptic suits

What was searched · 2 of 5 stages measured

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
research: haptic suit, haptic vest, full-body haptic
funding: haptic suit, haptic vest, full-body haptic
testing: unmeasured: the registry holds no study for these terms (probed 2026-09-20)
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

After arrival: first commercial haptic suit, 2018: the record held; 17.6 works a year at the peak in 2025, the 5 years to 2025 at 1.00 of it.

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 17.8-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 18 · Haptic suits: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
funding: 2 awards in 2000–2025
testing: unmeasured: the registry holds no study for these terms (probed 2026-09-20)
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

Citations · 4 edges measured on this literature

Fig. 19 · edges measured on the literature of Haptic suits
edge	variant	share	reach	works citing the cited set (of works with references)	coverage (works with references / works)	references (into the cited set / all)	cited works	overlap
barcode scanner (negative control) to Haptic suits	overlap kept	0.00	0.00	0/104	104/143	0/3,135	920	0 removed from the cited side
barcode scanner (negative control) to Haptic suits	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.00	0.00	0/104	104/143	0/3,135	920	0 dropped from the citing side
Wearable computing to Haptic suits	overlap kept	0.01	0.14	15/104	104/143	22/3,135	18,742	5 removed from the cited side
Wearable computing to Haptic suits	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.01	0.15	15/102	102/138	20/3,084	18,747	5 dropped from the citing side

Score · weak · 0.24

Each bar is one component of the score, 0 to 1; the barrier penalty is taken off and drawn to the left. The score is the mean of the determined components, less the penalty.

On growth it sits 0.21 of the way from smoke detector to large language model; hand-checked barriers cost it 0.10.

How the score was worked · 5 components

growth: 0.21
dependency: 0.14
precedence: 0.00
stages: 1.00
barriers: -0.10

growth: 0.21 on a log scale where the mature control sits at 0 (3.0x) and the boom control at 1 (16,491x); smoothed growth 17.8x against the index's 2.6x
dependency: 0.14 of the product's works with recorded references cite at least one root work (reference coverage 0.73 of 143 works; 22 of 3,135 references land in the root's 18,742 works)
precedence: the product crossed a tenth of its peak in 2012, before the root in 2014
stages: 2 of 2 measured stages show signal (research 143, funding 2); testing, regulation unmeasured
barriers: 1 physical on 1 distinct sentence of 1 recorded; component -0.10
score: 0.24 = mean of 4 determined components (0.34) with the barrier penalty (-0.10); labelled weak

Barriers · 1 found in 32 documents read

32 documents were read for barriers; 12 of them yielded a candidate sentence, 25 candidate sentences in all. 1 hand-checked barrier was found in 1 of those documents. The other 31 documents are negatives: 11 substantive, with candidates and none of them a barrier, and 20 trivial, with no candidate at all.

Hand-checked barriers

OpenAlex W4205399593 · 2021-12-01physical

Through our user-testing performed on subjects with simulated visual impairments, our results affirm the potential of using mixed reality to detect obstacles in the environment along with only transmitting essential information through the haptic suit due to limited bandwidth.

biological, economic, political and social barriers do not occur in this truth, so those kinds are unmeasured, not measured as zero.

The automation experiment · baseline scored, model not run

The automation experiment

Scores against the same truth
record set	precision	recall	kind accuracy	negatives clean	substantive negatives clean
baseline	0/10	0/1	0/0	24/31	4/11

The model layer has not run; its score against the same truth will appear here beside the baseline's.

Negatives that received a barrier: baseline: 1636992, 2430418, W1776823919, W2132698255, W3030590775, W4200339538, W4324370101.

Every candidate sentence · 25 sentences

Every candidate sentence

What each layer kept
document	index	sentence	kept by
1636992	4	When a user enters a VR experience, the tracking system accurately maps motions into the virtual space; then, as the user interacts with virtual objects and obstacles, the vibrating pads activate to provide a sense of touch.	baseline
1636992	7	Virtual reality games using standard headset hardware cannot track the arms and body and represent them as a player avatar, creating a disorienting visual effect of being limbless and incorporeal while in the virtual space.	rejected by all
2430418	7	Broader impacts include developing digital assistant systems that adapt to the cognitive workload of operators, reducing training costs, and improving safety in complex environments.	baseline
W1776823919	0	Touch is one of the primary senses humans use when performing coordinated interaction, but the lack of a sense of touch in the majority of contemporary interactive technical systems, such as robots, which operate in non-deterministic environments, results in interactions that can at best be described as clumsy.\n\nObserving human haptics and extracting the salient information from the gathered data is not only relevant if we are to try to understand the involved underlying cognitive processes, but should also provide us with significant clues to design future intelligent interactive systems.	baseline
W1776823919	18	Large tactile sensor arrays that are used to capture full body haptic interactions with floors and upholstered furniture, or that are designed to cover large areas of technical system surfaces, need to be scalable, have low power consumption and should ideally have a low material cost.	baseline
W1988322219	3	We will show how vibrations affect sensations throughout the body and may provide some directional cues to some parts of the body, yet also illustrate the difficulties.	rejected by all
W2017606857	3	We propose HaptiGo, a lightweight haptic vest that provides pedestrians both navigational intelligence and obstacle detection capabilities.	rejected by all
W2017606857	6	We found that HaptiGo was able to successfully navigate users with timely alerts of incoming obstacles without increasing cognitive load, thereby increasing their environmental awareness.	rejected by all
W2132698255	2	In low-cost driving simulators, most installations lack motion platforms and miss to simulate real motion forces.	baseline
W2132698255	4	We aim to substitute the real motion forces with low-cost actuators triggering the human extremities to create an extended immersion.	baseline
W2132698255	6	Our full body haptic display concept for low-cost racing car simulators is based on air cushion and pull mechanisms to support longitudinal and lateral forces addressing the human's mechanoreceptive and proprioceptive senses.	baseline
W3030590775	3	One of the major challenges to coordination in a hazardous environment is maintaining communication between team members while mitigating cognitive load.	rejected by all
W3030590775	7	The results showed that performing additional visual task did not affect the accuracy or the time taken to perceive tactile codes.\n\nAnother challenge in coordinating Soldiers on a battle field is navigating them to respective assembly areas.	baseline
W3030590775	8	We have developed HaptiGo, a lightweight haptic vest that provides pedestrians both navigational intelligence and obstacle detection capabilities.	rejected by all
W3030590775	10	We evaluated HaptiGo and found\nthat it was able to successfully navigate users with timely alerts of incoming obstacles without increasing cognitive load, thereby increasing their environmental awareness.	rejected by all
W4200339538	4	To address this challenge, we propose a method for movement assessment using a full-body haptic motion capture suit.	baseline
W4205399593	2	This thesis proposes the use of vibrotactile feedback to serve as an obstacle detection system for visually impaired users.	rejected by all
W4205399593	3	We utilize a mixed reality headset with on-board depth sensors to build a digital map of the real world and a suit with an array of actuators to provide feedback as to indicate to the visually impaired the position of obstacles around them.	rejected by all
W4205399593	5	Through our user-testing performed on subjects with simulated visual impairments, our results affirm the potential of using mixed reality to detect obstacles in the environment along with only transmitting essential information through the haptic suit due to limited bandwidth.	truth
W4253973802	4	We propose HaptiGo, a lightweight haptic vest that provides pedestrians both navigational intelligence and obstacle detection capabilities.	rejected by all
W4253973802	7	We found that HaptiGo was able to successfully navigate users with timely alerts of incoming obstacles without increasing cognitive load, thereby increasing their environmental awareness.	rejected by all
W4293733527	7	Based on this analysis, the survey also provides a discussion on research gaps and challenges, and potential future directions.	rejected by all
W4324370101	2	The haptic vest produces a repulsive vibrotactile feedback from nearby static virtual obstacles that augments the user spatial awareness.	rejected by all
W4324370101	3	The tasks require the user to perform complex movements in a 3D cluttered virtual environment, like avoiding obstacles while walking backwards and pulling a virtual object.	rejected by all
W4324370101	9	Results show that under limited visibility conditions proximity-based haptic feedback generated by a wearable haptic vest can significantly reduce the number of collisions with obstacles in the virtual environment.	baseline

Method · 12 settings

Method

selection rule: every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped
required term: none: rule bodies were narrowed by the markers alone
note on the required term: no term was required: every barrier document was drawn for its own product's research or funding terms, and abstracts and award texts are never narrowed; no Federal Register rule was drawn into the barrier sample
barriers_openalex: for each sampled product, the 10 most-cited works naming its research terms in each of 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2020-2025, restricted to works carrying an abstract; text is the inverted index put back into reading order; a document already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 29 works rather than 30; hearables holds 20, the index carrying no work under its three phrases in the first band, and full-dive holds 12, one work in each of the first two bands and ten in the last
barriers_nsf: for each sampled product, the 10 most recent awards for its funding terms, singular and plural, over 2000-2025, newest by award date then id; text is the award's abstract; an award already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 8; haptic suits holds the 2 awards that exist under its terms, and hearables and full-dive hold none, since no award matches theirs
barriers_federal_register: none drawn: the barrier sample follows chain two's rule, works and awards; each product's rules are counted by its regulation stage
relevance: the 20 most recent works for the root's research terms, and the 20 most recent awards for its funding terms, labelled about or not about from the document's title and text; none of the 40 is also a barrier document
relevance_fiction: 20 works of the fiction walk for the catalogue heading virtual reality, 599 works long, every 29th by key from the first, a pick with no year replaced by the next dated work; text is the work's own description and subjects; published is 1 January of the catalogue's year; labelled about (a work of fiction in which a world entered through a computer, or a computer worn on the body, appears on the record) and dated as chain three's were
relevance_clinical_trials: the registry holds 1,868 studies for the root's testing terms, 1,538 of them first posted on or before the cutoff; the newest 20 by first-posted date then id are read in full and labelled about or not about from the study's title and summary
relevance_federal_register: every rule the root's regulation terms match, final and proposed, 5 final rules and 6 proposed rules, all 11 taken because the source holds fewer than 20; newest first within each type; text is the search row's own abstract, as chain one's relevance-only rules carry; labelled about or not about from the rule's title and abstract
gate: Corpus.as_of(2025-12-31) at sample-build time; this run re-gates every document through the same cutoff
truth method: docs/atlas-truth-method-wearable-computing.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 37/39 (kappa 0.77) for smart glasses, 63/63 (1.00) for wrist-worn computers, 27/28 (0.89) for vr headsets, 18/19 (0.88) for hearables, 40/42 (0.88) for data gloves, 22/28 (0.46) for motion controllers, 21/23 (0.47) for eye tracking, 25/25 (1.00) for haptic suits and 7/8 (0.60) for full-dive; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there, the relevance sample covers five sources, among them the 11 Federal Register rules the root's regulation terms match, every one of which both readers called not about; recorded there too are the two products under kappa 0.6 and the thin samples hearables (20 documents) and full-dive (12) carry

Full-dive

What was searched · 2 of 5 stages measured

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
research: full dive virtual reality, brain-computer interface virtual reality
funding: full dive virtual reality, brain-computer interface virtual reality
testing: unmeasured: the registry holds no study for these terms (probed 2026-09-20)
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 11.0-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 20 · Full-dive: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only: the catalogue files fiction by what a technology is, never by what it is for
funding: 0 awards in 2000–2025
testing: unmeasured: the registry holds no study for these terms (probed 2026-09-20)
regulation: unmeasured: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured

Citations · 4 edges measured on this literature

Fig. 21 · edges measured on the literature of Full-dive
edge	variant	share	reach	works citing the cited set (of works with references)	coverage (works with references / works)	references (into the cited set / all)	cited works	overlap
barcode scanner (negative control) to Full-dive	overlap kept	0.00	0.00	0/12	12/16	0/479	920	0 removed from the cited side
barcode scanner (negative control) to Full-dive	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.00	0.00	0/12	12/16	0/479	920	0 dropped from the citing side
Wearable computing to Full-dive	overlap kept	0.002	0.08	1/12	12/16	1/479	18,747	0 removed from the cited side
Wearable computing to Full-dive	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.002	0.08	1/12	12/16	1/479	18,747	0 dropped from the citing side

Score · weak · 0.13

Each bar is one component of the score, 0 to 1; the barrier penalty is taken off and drawn to the left. The score is the mean of the determined components, less the penalty.

On growth it sits 0.15 of the way from smoke detector to large language model; hand-checked barriers cost it 0.05.

How the score was worked · 5 components

growth: 0.15
dependency: 0.08
precedence: 0.00
stages: 0.50
barriers: -0.05

growth: 0.15 on a log scale where the mature control sits at 0 (3.0x) and the boom control at 1 (16,491x); smoothed growth 11.0x against the index's 2.6x, and no works in 2000-2004, so the ratio is the +1 smoothing alone
dependency: 0.08 of the product's works with recorded references cite at least one root work (reference coverage 0.75 of 16 works; 1 of 479 references land in the root's 18,747 works)
precedence: the product crossed a tenth of its peak in 2008, before the root in 2014
stages: 1 of 2 measured stages show signal (research 16; funding 0); testing, regulation unmeasured
barriers: 1 economic on 1 distinct sentence of 1 recorded; component -0.05
score: 0.13 = mean of 4 determined components (0.18) with the barrier penalty (-0.05); labelled weak

Barriers · 1 found in 12 documents read

12 documents were read for barriers; 5 of them yielded a candidate sentence, 8 candidate sentences in all. 1 hand-checked barrier was found in 1 of those documents. The other 11 documents are negatives: 4 substantive, with candidates and none of them a barrier, and 7 trivial, with no candidate at all.

Hand-checked barriers

OpenAlex W4205116128 · 2022-01-11economic

To achieve wide application and commercialization, future rehabilitation robots should also develop toward mass production and low cost.

physical, biological, political and social barriers do not occur in this truth, so those kinds are unmeasured, not measured as zero.

The automation experiment · baseline scored, model not run

The automation experiment

Scores against the same truth
record set	precision	recall	kind accuracy	negatives clean	substantive negatives clean
baseline	1/3	1/1	1/1	10/11	3/4

The model layer has not run; its score against the same truth will appear here beside the baseline's.

Negatives that received a barrier: baseline: W4401689944.

Every candidate sentence · 8 sentences

Every candidate sentence

What each layer kept
document	index	sentence	kept by
W2613641796	2	Here, the content has been summarized about the technology, which had been developed for acquisition of brain signal, then how those signals are analysed, its utility and its challenges.	rejected by all
W3080501213	5	It is therefore difficult to track functional changes during the rehabilitation process.	rejected by all
W4205116128	10	In the past 10 years, research has focused on intelligent control, task analysis, and the learning, performance, and reliability of rehabilitation robots to realize the natural and precise interaction between humans and machines.	baseline
W4205116128	14	To achieve wide application and commercialization, future rehabilitation robots should also develop toward mass production and low cost.	truth, baseline
W4401689944	4	MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following Institutional Review Board approval and consent, 2 operators were fitted with high-fidelity virtual reality headsets with hand and eye tracking, full-body haptic feedback suits, a 360° omnidirectional treadmill, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared biometric monitors.	baseline
W4401689944	14	CONCLUSIONS: The FDVR training platform overcomes the obstacles of in-person simulation training and provides the closest to real-life experience available.	rejected by all
W4401728194	1	However, from its appearance to today, brain-computer interface, virtual reality, and metaverse have revolutionized the field of robot-assisted surgery for PCa, presenting both opportunities and challenges.	rejected by all
W4401728194	6	In the future, robot-assisted surgery for PCa will move towards intelligence, promising improved patient outcomes and personalized therapy, alongside formidable challenges.	rejected by all

Method · 12 settings

Method

selection rule: every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped
required term: none: rule bodies were narrowed by the markers alone
note on the required term: no term was required: every barrier document was drawn for its own product's research or funding terms, and abstracts and award texts are never narrowed; no Federal Register rule was drawn into the barrier sample
barriers_openalex: for each sampled product, the 10 most-cited works naming its research terms in each of 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2020-2025, restricted to works carrying an abstract; text is the inverted index put back into reading order; a document already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 29 works rather than 30; hearables holds 20, the index carrying no work under its three phrases in the first band, and full-dive holds 12, one work in each of the first two bands and ten in the last
barriers_nsf: for each sampled product, the 10 most recent awards for its funding terms, singular and plural, over 2000-2025, newest by award date then id; text is the award's abstract; an award already read for another product is read once, for the first, so eye tracking holds 8; haptic suits holds the 2 awards that exist under its terms, and hearables and full-dive hold none, since no award matches theirs
barriers_federal_register: none drawn: the barrier sample follows chain two's rule, works and awards; each product's rules are counted by its regulation stage
relevance: the 20 most recent works for the root's research terms, and the 20 most recent awards for its funding terms, labelled about or not about from the document's title and text; none of the 40 is also a barrier document
relevance_fiction: 20 works of the fiction walk for the catalogue heading virtual reality, 599 works long, every 29th by key from the first, a pick with no year replaced by the next dated work; text is the work's own description and subjects; published is 1 January of the catalogue's year; labelled about (a work of fiction in which a world entered through a computer, or a computer worn on the body, appears on the record) and dated as chain three's were
relevance_clinical_trials: the registry holds 1,868 studies for the root's testing terms, 1,538 of them first posted on or before the cutoff; the newest 20 by first-posted date then id are read in full and labelled about or not about from the study's title and summary
relevance_federal_register: every rule the root's regulation terms match, final and proposed, 5 final rules and 6 proposed rules, all 11 taken because the source holds fewer than 20; newest first within each type; text is the search row's own abstract, as chain one's relevance-only rules carry; labelled about or not about from the rule's title and abstract
gate: Corpus.as_of(2025-12-31) at sample-build time; this run re-gates every document through the same cutoff
truth method: docs/atlas-truth-method-wearable-computing.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 37/39 (kappa 0.77) for smart glasses, 63/63 (1.00) for wrist-worn computers, 27/28 (0.89) for vr headsets, 18/19 (0.88) for hearables, 40/42 (0.88) for data gloves, 22/28 (0.46) for motion controllers, 21/23 (0.47) for eye tracking, 25/25 (1.00) for haptic suits and 7/8 (0.60) for full-dive; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there, the relevance sample covers five sources, among them the 11 Federal Register rules the root's regulation terms match, every one of which both readers called not about; recorded there too are the two products under kappa 0.6 and the thin samples hearables (20 documents) and full-dive (12) carry

§ 05

The two cohorts

A product whose barriers were never read takes a penalty of zero, which is the same number a clean sample takes, so these two groups are never ranked against each other.

Barriers sampled

Smart glasses: 0.00, weak
Wrist-worn computers: 0.39, weak
VR headsets: 0.33, weak
Hearables: 0.23, weak
Data gloves: 0.03, weak
Motion controllers: 0.00, weak
Eye tracking: 0.26, weak
Haptic suits: 0.24, weak
Full-dive: 0.13, weak

Barriers unsampled

none in this run

an evidence score over one chain, anchored to two controls; not a calibrated probability

§ 06

Relevance

The run's note on the sample: the sample was drawn for the root's terms, so a label says whether a document is about the root, not whether it is about any one product.

The root here is Wearable computing.

ClinicalTrials.gov

14/20 about the root, precision 0.70.

20 documents labelled

NCT07281755: about
NCT07281794: about
NCT07286565: about
NCT07288229: about
NCT07288437: not about
NCT07288463: about
NCT07288593: about
NCT07289685: about
NCT07291570: about
NCT07292857: about
NCT07294222: not about
NCT07295769: about
NCT07296861: not about
NCT07297277: about
NCT07298499: about
NCT07299279: not about
NCT07303387: not about
NCT07305662: not about
NCT07306455: about
NCT07310056: about

Federal Register

0/11 about the root, precision 0.00.

11 documents labelled

2014-29237: not about
2015-27212: not about
2016-25103: not about
2017-21706: not about
2018-06010: not about
2020-17127: not about
2020-26815: not about
2022-27132: not about
2024-07527: not about
2024-07758: not about
2025-16333: not about

NSF

9/20 about the root, precision 0.45.

20 documents labelled

2402650: not about
2420783: about
2420993: not about
2420994: not about
2429097: not about
2436152: about
2439345: about
2440066: not about
2442593: not about
2443745: about
2449538: about
2449736: about
2505714: not about
2506216: about
2509478: not about
2510876: about
2515786: about
2527152: not about
2529277: not about
2534759: not about

Open Library

8/20 about the root, precision 0.40.

Dates checked against a second record: 0 agree, 0 disagree, 20 had no second record.

20 documents labelled

OL1000307W: about, date unchecked
OL15092159W: not about, date unchecked
OL16167349W: about, date unchecked
OL1705327W: not about, date unchecked
OL17821420W: about, date unchecked
OL19345264W: not about, date unchecked
OL19738049W: about, date unchecked
OL19959237W: not about, date unchecked
OL20030372W: about, date unchecked
OL20220119W: not about, date unchecked
OL21267643W: not about, date unchecked
OL2395428W: not about, date unchecked
OL2465684W: not about, date unchecked
OL27029511W: not about, date unchecked
OL28952572W: about, date unchecked
OL3535076W: about, date unchecked
OL38057267W: not about, date unchecked
OL45650227W: not about, date unchecked
OL5962480W: about, date unchecked
OL8295487W: not about, date unchecked

OpenAlex

7/20 about the root, precision 0.35.

20 documents labelled

W7117663191: not about
W7117682023: about
W7117693653: not about
W7117714512: about
W7117716108: not about
W7117729463: not about
W7117732852: about
W7117733153: not about
W7117735842: not about
W7117770072: about
W7117869900: not about
W7118170496: not about
W7118597361: not about
W7118629133: about
W7118947506: not about
W7119035403: not about
W7119234691: about
W7119557149: about
W7126175111: not about
W7126182380: not about

Documents · 392 documents read

Every document the run read
document	source	published	title	read for	selection	candidates
1636992	NSF	2016-04-21	I-Corps: Nullspace: Full-Body Haptic Feedback for Virtual Reality	barriers	NSF award for the haptic-suits funding terms, newest rank 2	2
1652454	NSF	2017-01-31	CAREER: Goal-Guided Self-Reflective Control Interface in Teleoperation	barriers	NSF award for the data-gloves funding terms, newest rank 10	2
1657235	NSF	2017-03-24	CRII: RI: Distributed, Stable and Robust Topology Control: New Methods for Asymmetrically Interacting Multi-Robot Teams	barriers	NSF award for the motion-controllers funding terms, newest rank 10	1
1734416	NSF	2017-09-01	NRI: INT: COLLAB: Accelerating Large-Scale Adoption of Robotic Lower-Limb Prostheses through Personalized Prosthesis Controller Adaptation	barriers	NSF award for the motion-controllers funding terms, newest rank 9	2
1734501	NSF	2017-09-01	NRI: INT: COLLAB: Accelerating Large-Scale Adoption of Robotic Lower-Limb Prostheses through Personalized Prosthesis Controller Adaptation	barriers	NSF award for the motion-controllers funding terms, newest rank 8	2
1825709	NSF	2018-08-22	Understanding Pedestrian Dynamics for Seamless Human-Robot Interaction	barriers	NSF award for the motion-controllers funding terms, newest rank 6	1
1841666	NSF	2018-08-16	I-Corps: Controlled-Trajectory Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine	barriers	NSF award for the motion-controllers funding terms, newest rank 7	2
1929748	NSF	2019-07-18	Organic actuators for biomedical haptics and as tools for understanding the tactile sense	barriers	NSF award for the data-gloves funding terms, newest rank 9	1
1936027	NSF	2020-06-10	Feel-IT: Audio-Tactile Computer Accessibility	barriers	NSF award for the data-gloves funding terms, newest rank 8	0
2014-29237	Federal Register	2014-12-12	Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies	relevance	every wearable-computing proposed rule the regulation terms match, newest rank 6	0
2015-27212	Federal Register	2015-10-28	Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies	relevance	every wearable-computing final rule the regulation terms match, newest rank 5	0
2016-25103	Federal Register	2016-10-18	Internet Communication Disclaimers; Reopening of Comment Period and Notice of Hearing	relevance	every wearable-computing proposed rule the regulation terms match, newest rank 5	0
2017-21706	Federal Register	2017-10-10	Internet Communication Disclaimers; Reopening of Comment Period	relevance	every wearable-computing proposed rule the regulation terms match, newest rank 4	0
2018-06010	Federal Register	2018-03-26	Internet Communication Disclaimers and Definition of “Public Communication”	relevance	every wearable-computing proposed rule the regulation terms match, newest rank 3	0
2020-17127	Federal Register	2020-08-17	Medicare Program; CY 2021 Payment Policies Under the Physician Fee Schedule and Other Changes to Part B Payment Policies; Medicare Shared Savings Program Requirements; Medicaid Promoting Interoperability Program Requirements for Eligible Professionals; Quality Payment Program; Coverage of Opioid Use Disorder Services Furnished by Opioid Treatment Programs; Medicare Enrollment of Opioid Treatment Programs; Electronic Prescribing for Controlled Substances for a Covered Part D Drug Under a Prescription Drug Plan or an MA-PD Plan; Payment for Office/Outpatient Evaluation and Management Services; Hospital IQR Program; Establish New Code Categories; and Medicare Diabetes Prevention Program (MDPP) Expanded Model Emergency Policy	relevance	every wearable-computing proposed rule the regulation terms match, newest rank 2	0
2020-26815	Federal Register	2020-12-28	Medicare Program; CY 2021 Payment Policies Under the Physician Fee Schedule and Other Changes to Part B Payment Policies; Medicare Shared Savings Program Requirements; Medicaid Promoting Interoperability Program Requirements for Eligible Professionals; Quality Payment Program; Coverage of Opioid Use Disorder Services Furnished by Opioid Treatment Programs; Medicare Enrollment of Opioid Treatment Programs; Electronic Prescribing for Controlled Substances for a Covered Part D Drug; Payment for Office/Outpatient Evaluation and Management Services; Hospital IQR Program; Establish New Code Categories; Medicare Diabetes Prevention Program (MDPP) Expanded Model Emergency Policy; Coding and Payment for Virtual Check-in Services Interim Final Rule Policy; Coding and Payment for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Interim Final Rule Policy; Regulatory Revisions in Response to the Public Health Emergency (PHE) for COVID-19; and Finalization of Certain Provisions from the March 31st, May 8th and September 2nd Interim Final Rules in Response to the PHE for COVID-19	relevance	every wearable-computing final rule the regulation terms match, newest rank 4	0
2022-27132	Federal Register	2022-12-19	Internet Communication Disclaimers and Definition of “Public Communication”	relevance	every wearable-computing final rule the regulation terms match, newest rank 3	0
2024-07527	Federal Register	2024-04-19	Implementation of the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act	relevance	every wearable-computing final rule the regulation terms match, newest rank 2	0
2024-07758	Federal Register	2024-04-24	Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability; Accessibility of Web Information and Services of State and Local Government Entities	relevance	every wearable-computing final rule the regulation terms match, newest rank 1	0
2025-16333	Federal Register	2025-08-26	Modernization of the Nation's Alerting Systems	relevance	every wearable-computing proposed rule the regulation terms match, newest rank 1	0
2036272	NSF	2021-02-01	SBIR Phase I: An Agile Microfabrication Platform for High-Mix, Low-Volume Microchip Production	barriers	NSF award for the motion-controllers funding terms, newest rank 5	2
2112296	NSF	2022-05-11	SBIR Phase I: Haptic Glove for Real-Time Speech Comprehension	barriers	NSF award for the data-gloves funding terms, newest rank 5	0
2112793	NSF	2021-07-28	A Geometric Approach for Generalized Encrypted Control of Networked Dynamical Systems	barriers	NSF award for the motion-controllers funding terms, newest rank 4	0
2114482	NSF	2021-07-26	Force Sensing Surgical Forceps Using Novel Piezoelectric TFT Array for Robotic Surgery	barriers	NSF award for the data-gloves funding terms, newest rank 7	0
2118380	NSF	2021-09-07	Bimodal Haptic-Mixed Reality (HMR) Needle Insertion Simulation for Hand-Eye Skills	barriers	NSF award for the data-gloves funding terms, newest rank 6	3
2202468	NSF	2022-08-17	Collaborative Research: Haptic Technology Innovations to Guide Student Gesturing with Dynamic STEM Visualizations	barriers	NSF award for the data-gloves funding terms, newest rank 4	2
2202469	NSF	2022-08-17	Collaborative Research: Haptic Technology Innovations to Guide Student Gesturing with Dynamic STEM Visualizations	barriers	NSF award for the data-gloves funding terms, newest rank 3	2
2204825	NSF	2022-11-29	SBIR Phase I: High-performance, ultra-compact 3D sensor enabled by metasurface flat optics	barriers	NSF award for the vr-headsets funding terms, newest rank 7	1
2207476	NSF	2022-06-08	RUI: Quantum Thermodynamics of Atomtronic Systems	barriers	NSF award for the vr-headsets funding terms, newest rank 10	0
2207650	NSF	2022-06-27	Probing Extreme Gravity with Gravitational Waves	barriers	NSF award for the vr-headsets funding terms, newest rank 9	0
2222661	NSF	2022-08-17	Collaborative Research: FW-HTF-P: The Future of Geriatric Care: Immersive Virtual Patient Training for Nursing Assistants	barriers	NSF award for the smart-glasses funding terms, newest rank 10	1
2222662	NSF	2022-08-17	Collaborative Research: FW-HTF-P: The Future of Geriatric Care: Immersive Virtual Patient Training for Nursing Assistants	barriers	NSF award for the smart-glasses funding terms, newest rank 9	1
2222663	NSF	2022-08-17	Collaborative Research: FW-HTF-P: The Future of Geriatric Care: Immersive Virtual Patient Training for Nursing Assistants	barriers	NSF award for the smart-glasses funding terms, newest rank 8	1
2222723	NSF	2022-09-13	FW-HTF-P: Reshaping Construction Work Conventions: Endowing Collaborative Construction Robots with Social Intelligence for Contextually-Appropriate Robot Behaviors	barriers	NSF award for the motion-controllers funding terms, newest rank 3	0
2225135	NSF	2022-09-06	RUI: Improving motor learning and rehabilitation via experimental bidirectional dynamic human-virtual reality interaction system	barriers	NSF award for the vr-headsets funding terms, newest rank 8	1
2309564	NSF	2023-06-14	Creating a High-Performance Computing Virtual Environment for Artificial Intelligence Education	barriers	NSF award for the vr-headsets funding terms, newest rank 6	1
2316240	NSF	2023-08-22	HCC: Small: Making Virtual Reality Safe	barriers	NSF award for the vr-headsets funding terms, newest rank 5	4
2322849	NSF	2023-05-10	I-Corps: Tactile Displays for Haptic Gloves	barriers	NSF award for the data-gloves funding terms, newest rank 2	3
2330794	NSF	2023-07-06	EAGER: Robust Data-Driven Robotic Manipulation via Bayesian Inference and Passivity-Based Control	barriers	NSF award for the motion-controllers funding terms, newest rank 2	2
2335927	NSF	2024-02-21	SBIR Phase I: Subtractive-waveguide based Display for Augmented Reality Smart Glasses using Spatial-temporal Multiplexed Single-CMOS Panels	barriers	NSF award for the smart-glasses funding terms, newest rank 5	1
2339788	NSF	2024-04-16	CAREER: Making Digital Imagery Accessible to Blind and Low-Vision Users via Audiohaptic Dioramas	barriers	NSF award for the smart-glasses funding terms, newest rank 4	0
2346817	NSF	2023-11-03	I-Corps: Active Acoustic Sensing for Wearables	barriers	NSF award for the smart-glasses funding terms, newest rank 7	0
2349610	NSF	2024-05-03	SaTC: CORE: Small: Utilizing Untrusted Machine Learning Services Safely via Privacy-Preserving User Data Embedding	barriers	NSF award for the smart-glasses funding terms, newest rank 3	3
2402650	NSF	2024-06-24	PARTNER: AIPS: Expanding AI Innovation in Pervasive Systems at Arizona State University	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 20	0
2418188	NSF	2024-02-12	Collaborative Research: CNS Core: Small: SmartSight: an AI-Based Computing Platform to Assist Blind and Visually Impaired People	barriers	NSF award for the smart-glasses funding terms, newest rank 6	1
2420783	NSF	2024-07-15	Developing Quantitative Sensing Technologies to Evaluate Fine Motor Skills for Autistic Children	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 18	0
2420993	NSF	2024-08-12	Collaborative Research: ENG-SEMICON: RUI: Carbohydrate Memristor Empowered Environmentally Sustainable Processor-in-Memory	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 16	0
2420994	NSF	2024-08-12	Collaborative Research: ENG-SEMICON: RUI: Carbohydrate Memristor Empowered Environmentally Sustainable Processor-in-Memory	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 15	0
2423725	NSF	2024-08-09	EAGER: TaskDCL: Cooperative Loco-Manipulation Tasks between Humans and Multi-Agent Legged Robots: A Distributed Control Approach for Co-Learning and Co-Adaptation	barriers	NSF award for the data-gloves funding terms, newest rank 1	0
2427788	NSF	2024-08-07	Rapid Perception-Based Terrain-Adaptive Agile Locomotion of a Humanoid Robot	barriers	NSF award for the motion-controllers funding terms, newest rank 1	4
2429097	NSF	2024-06-25	I-Corps: Translation Potential of Extreme Textiles	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 19	0
2430418	NSF	2024-08-09	EAGER: TaskDCL: Simultaneous Use of Synthetic Actors for Multimodal Cueing of Sensory-Motor Interactions in Pilot Training	barriers	NSF award for the haptic-suits funding terms, newest rank 1	1
2433105	NSF	2024-08-21	SBIR Phase I: High Light-Throughput Electrodes for Top-Emitting and Transparent OLED Displays	barriers	NSF award for the vr-headsets funding terms, newest rank 3	1
2434255	NSF	2024-08-05	Equipment: Enhancing Physics Education: Integrating Immersive Virtual Reality and Modern Physics Experiments into the Teaching-Learning Process	barriers	NSF award for the vr-headsets funding terms, newest rank 4	0
2436152	NSF	2024-11-19	I-Corps: Translation Potential of a Knitted Sensing Wearable for Dysphagia Monitoring	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 14	0
2436881	NSF	2025-07-31	Collaborative Research: HCC: Small: Modeling Learning Engagement Using AI and Gaze Data to Improve Virtual Reality Immersive Training	barriers	NSF award for the eye-tracking funding terms, newest rank 10	2
2436882	NSF	2025-07-31	Collaborative Research: HCC: Small: Modeling Learning Engagement Using Gaze Data to Improve Visual Attentional Guidance in Immersive Training	barriers	NSF award for the eye-tracking funding terms, newest rank 9	2
2439345	NSF	2025-01-14	CAREER: Intelligent Biomarker Analysis based on Wearable Distributed Computing	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 13	0
2440066	NSF	2024-07-31	HCC: Travel: Student Travel Grant for the 2024 ACM International Conference in Ubiquitous and Mobile Computing (Ubicomp)	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 17	0
2442593	NSF	2025-06-17	CAREER: Context-aware framework to enable effective selection and delivery of digital health interventions	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 7	0
2443745	NSF	2025-06-28	CAREER: Towards Daily Immersive Sign Language Training Using Intelligent Wearables and Large Language Model	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 5	0
2447577	NSF	2025-06-03	REU Site: Computing and Engineering for Safe and Healthy Digital Environment	barriers	NSF award for the vr-headsets funding terms, newest rank 2	0
2447659	NSF	2025-08-15	REU Site: Rural Appalachia REsearch in bioSensing Technology (RAREST)	barriers	NSF award for the wrist-worn funding terms, newest rank 8	1
2449538	NSF	2025-06-05	SBIR Phase II: Comprehensive, Human-Centered, Safety System Using Physiological and Behavioral Sensing to Identify Hazards and Predict & Prevent Workplace Accidents	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 8	0
2449736	NSF	2025-06-04	EAGER: Imaging and sensing through the skin using diffractive networks	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 9	0
2451363	NSF	2025-09-02	STTR Phase I: Flexible Sensor Arrays for Smart Fabrics and Surfaces using Ink-jet Printing and a Practical Approach to Nanotechnology	barriers	NSF award for the wrist-worn funding terms, newest rank 2	3
2500220	NSF	2025-06-25	SCH: Utilizing Emerging Technologies to Support Aging in Place	barriers	NSF award for the smart-glasses funding terms, newest rank 2	2
2505714	NSF	2025-06-17	Combining conjugated polymer end group chemistry and metal-ligand bonds to achieve desirable mechanical and electrical properties	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 6	0
2506216	NSF	2025-03-26	I-Corps: Translation potential of wearable cortisol sensors	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 12	0
2508756	NSF	2025-08-25	CRCNS US-Israel Research Proposal: NSF-BSF: The Perception of Time and Memorability in the Visual Hierarchy	barriers	NSF award for the eye-tracking funding terms, newest rank 2	0
2509478	NSF	2025-07-09	Non-resonant Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvester with Magnetic Gear for Wearable Technology	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 4	0
2510876	NSF	2025-05-27	I-Corps: Translation Potential of a Sweat Lactate Sensor	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 11	0
2515271	NSF	2025-08-18	IUCRC Phase I Purdue University: Center for Accurate Georeferencing of the Environment (CAGE)	barriers	NSF award for the wrist-worn funding terms, newest rank 6	3
2515296	NSF	2025-08-18	IUCRC Phase I, Saint Louis University: Center for Accurate Georeferencing of the Environment (CAGE)	barriers	NSF award for the wrist-worn funding terms, newest rank 5	2
2515786	NSF	2025-05-27	I-Corps: Translation Potential of a Safety System Based on Wearable Technology and Artificial Intelligence to Improve Worker Safety	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 10	0
2519019	NSF	2025-08-15	Collaborative Research: Investigating the Role of Spontaneously-generated Representations Within Problem Solving in Undergraduate Physics Using Eye-tracking	barriers	NSF award for the eye-tracking funding terms, newest rank 7	1
2519020	NSF	2025-08-15	Collaborative Research: Investigating the Role of Spontaneously-generated Representations Within Problem Solving in Undergraduate Physics Using Eye-tracking	barriers	NSF award for the eye-tracking funding terms, newest rank 6	1
2520821	NSF	2025-08-22	Competition and Cooperation in Memory-Guided Attention	barriers	NSF award for the eye-tracking funding terms, newest rank 3	1
2521430	NSF	2025-08-07	Collaborative Research: A longitudinal investigation of caregiving, everyday motor experiences, and motor skill development using wearable sensing	barriers	NSF award for the wrist-worn funding terms, newest rank 10	1
2521431	NSF	2025-08-07	Collaborative Research: A longitudinal investigation of caregiving, everyday motor experiences, and motor skill development using wearable sensing	barriers	NSF award for the wrist-worn funding terms, newest rank 9	1
2523924	NSF	2025-08-20	Adaptive Contextual Learning in Microelectronics through Immersive Virtual Reality	barriers	NSF award for the eye-tracking funding terms, newest rank 4	0
2524670	NSF	2025-09-02	NSF-SNSF: Understanding Human Well-Being through Residential Location	barriers	NSF award for the wrist-worn funding terms, newest rank 1	0
2527152	NSF	2025-08-15	Fostering Computational Thinking Through Neural Engineering Activities in High School Biology Classes	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 1	0
2528382	NSF	2025-09-10	SBIR Phase II: High Efficiency, Low Cost Catadioptric Waveguide and Display Optical Engine for Augmented Reality Smart Glasses using Spatial-temporal Multiplexed Single-CMOS Panel	barriers	NSF award for the smart-glasses funding terms, newest rank 1	3
2529277	NSF	2025-08-05	MATH-DT: Functional Surrogate Modeling for Human Agile Locomotion with Wearable Technology	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 2	0
2529699	NSF	2025-08-18	Silicon Photonics Millimeter-wave Full-Duplex Radios with Ultra-Wideband Automatic Self-Interference Cancellation	barriers	NSF award for the vr-headsets funding terms, newest rank 1	0
2533956	NSF	2025-08-20	FDT-BioTech: Scalable Digital Twins to Power Virtual Trials and Test Treatments	barriers	NSF award for the wrist-worn funding terms, newest rank 4	1
2534759	NSF	2025-08-04	I-Corps: Translation Potential of Real-Time Injury Prediction in Sports Using Machine Learning and Biomechanical Data	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing award rank 3	0
2535732	NSF	2025-08-15	I-Corps: Translation potential for experiential supercomputing	barriers	NSF award for the wrist-worn funding terms, newest rank 7	2
2536982	NSF	2025-08-04	I-Corps: Translation Potential of an Online Biometric Data Collection Technology	barriers	NSF award for the eye-tracking funding terms, newest rank 8	0
2545071	NSF	2025-08-29	Collaborative Research: SCH: AI-driven RFID Sensing for Smart Health Applications	barriers	NSF award for the wrist-worn funding terms, newest rank 3	3
NCT07281755	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-15	Objective Mobility Assessment Using Wearable Technology for Clinical Application in Parkinson's Disease: From Validation to Fall Prediction	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 20	0
NCT07281794	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-15	Clinical Validity of the DANU Sports System for Gait and Balance Assessment in Parkinson's Disease	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 19	0
NCT07286565	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-16	Active NBS Study: Decentralised Monitoring Motor Development in Children With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy or Spinal Muscular Atrophy Identified by Newborn Screening	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 18	0
NCT07288229	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-17	The Benefits of Wearable AI in Post-Discharge Management of AMI Patients	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 17	0
NCT07288437	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-17	Deep Brain Stimulation for Spinocerebellar Ataxia	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 16	0
NCT07288463	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-17	Hearing Loss and Brain Health Study	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 15	0
NCT07288593	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-17	INSIGHT: Insomnia, Nightmares, and Sympathetic Hyperactivity Intervention	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 14	0
NCT07289685	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-17	Use a Wearable Devices to Observe Complications of Mobilization for Colorectal Cancer After Surgery	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 13	0
NCT07291570	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-18	Precision Detection and Prediction of Atrial Arrhythmias Using Artificial Intelligence and Consumer Wearable Devices	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 12	0
NCT07292857	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-18	Comparing and Predicting the Risk of Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI) Among Post-menopausal Women on or Without Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): an Observational Cohort Study	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 11	0
NCT07294222	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-19	Intervention for Preventing Myopia and Multimorbidity in Children	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 10	0
NCT07295769	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-22	Atrial Fibrillation Detection Using MEMO Patch in Patients With Stroke of Unknown Cause	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 9	0
NCT07296861	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-22	HomeGrown: A Family-based Lifestyle Intervention to Support Healthy Development of Young Children With Down Syndrome	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 8	0
NCT07297277	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-22	Evaluating the Level of Agreement Between AAMI/ESH/ISO Universal Standard Requirements and the HUAWEI D2 Watch-Type Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 7	0
NCT07298499	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-23	Amplification and Tinnitus Masker Performance and Benefit for Adults With Hearing Loss and Tinnitus	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 6	0
NCT07299279	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-23	Movement Improves Brain Health and Cognition in Parkinson's Disease	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 5	0
NCT07303387	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-24	Efficacy and Safety of the Valemetostat in Patients With Selected Solid Tumors.	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 4	0
NCT07305662	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-26	Exploring the Effects of Korean-Style Mediterranean Diet (KORMED) and Physical Activity Measurement in Patients With MGUS/SMM: A Pilot Study	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 3	0
NCT07306455	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-29	Validity of Wearable Sensor for Jump Height	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 2	0
NCT07310056	ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-30	The Construction and Clinical Application of an Integrated Perioperative Management System for Lung Cancer Based on Wearable Devices and Intelligent Platforms	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing study rank 1	0
OL1000307W	Open Library	2006-01-01	Book of reality	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 1 (walk position 0)	0
OL15092159W	Open Library	2000-01-01	Cyberpunk and cyberculture	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 2 (walk position 29)	0
OL16167349W	Open Library	2012-01-01	Deadly pink	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 3 (walk position 58)	0
OL1705327W	Open Library	1998-01-01	Rock the House	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 4 (walk position 87)	0
OL17821420W	Open Library	2013-01-01	The Eye of Minds	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 5 (walk position 116)	0
OL19345264W	Open Library	2018-01-01	Head On	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 6 (walk position 145)	0
OL19738049W	Open Library	2018-01-01	Sword art online	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 7 (walk position 174)	0
OL19959237W	Open Library	2012-01-01	Smertelʹna︠i︡a igra	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 8 (walk position 203)	0
OL20030372W	Open Library	2014-01-01	Accel World	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 9 (walk position 232)	0
OL20220119W	Open Library	2017-01-01	Realm of Mystics	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 10 (walk position 261)	0
OL21267643W	Open Library	2011-01-01	Fictions / Realities	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 11 (walk position 290)	0
OL2395428W	Open Library	1962-01-01	Die Glasfalle	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 12 (walk position 319)	0
OL2465684W	Open Library	2007-01-01	Halting State	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 13 (walk position 348)	0
OL27029511W	Open Library	1986-01-01	Die Macht der Ursachen	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 14 (walk position 377)	0
OL28952572W	Open Library	2014-01-01	Der Übergang	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 15 (walk position 406)	0
OL3535076W	Open Library	1994-01-01	Friend vs. friend in the virtual world	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 16 (walk position 435)	0
OL38057267W	Open Library	2023-01-01	Wicked West	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 17 (walk position 464)	0
OL45650227W	Open Library	1999-01-01	Donerg'eḳ	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 18 (walk position 493)	0
OL5962480W	Open Library	2001-01-01	Escape from the forbidden matrix	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 19 (walk position 522)	0
OL8295487W	Open Library	1997-01-01	Travel Back in Time	relevance	every 29th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 20 (walk position 551)	0
W1488634927	OpenAlex	2012-12-01	User Testing on Vibrotactile Navigation	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2010-2014 rank 10	0
W151252481	OpenAlex	2014-06-02	Intuitive and Adaptive Robotic Arm Manipulation using the Leap Motion Controller	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2010-2014 rank 10	1
W1533625967	OpenAlex	2012-04-27	Virtual Environments in Physical Therapy	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2010-2014 rank 9	0
W1583246006	OpenAlex	2023-10-03	Proceedings of the 2023 International Symposium on Wearable Computers	barriers	top-cited hearables 2020-2025 rank 9	0
W1602136775	OpenAlex	2019-11-03	Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2015-2019 rank 3	0
W1661573186	OpenAlex	2015-05-07	Highly Stretchable, Global, and Distributed Local Strain Sensing Line Using GaInSn Electrodes for Wearable Electronics	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2015-2019 rank 9	1
W1683421958	OpenAlex	2012-01-01	Hand Data Glove: A Wearable Real-Time Device for Human- Computer Interaction	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2010-2014 rank 10	1
W1776823919	OpenAlex	2014-01-01	Towards observable haptics: Novel sensors for capturing tactile interaction patterns	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2010-2014 rank 9	2
W1909988460	OpenAlex	2013-10-07	Minimally Verbal School‐Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Neglected End of the Spectrum	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2010-2014 rank 2	0
W1934890906	OpenAlex	2015-06-01	SALICON: Saliency in Context	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2015-2019 rank 7	0
W1965428772	OpenAlex	2012-07-19	Extending Body Space in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Very Long Arm Illusion	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2010-2014 rank 3	1
W1966449647	OpenAlex	2014-09-05	The segmentation of the HMD market: optics for smart glasses, smart eyewear, AR and VR headsets	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2010-2014 rank 5	0
W1979103550	OpenAlex	2011-04-01	Search Dynamics in Consumer Choice under Time Pressure: An Eye-Tracking Study	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2010-2014 rank 9	0
W1986291329	OpenAlex	2014-09-13	Pupil	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2010-2014 rank 4	0
W1988175652	OpenAlex	2015-03-09	RippleTouch	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2015-2019 rank 9	0
W1988322219	OpenAlex	2015-11-13	The effect of vibration and low-frequency audio on full-body haptic sensations	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2015-2019 rank 10	1
W1988431692	OpenAlex	2011-01-01	Coregistration of eye movements and EEG in natural reading: Analyses and review.	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2010-2014 rank 5	0
W1988806098	OpenAlex	2014-03-06	Interlopers 3D: experiences designing a stereoscopic game	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2010-2014 rank 10	2
W1997747518	OpenAlex	2013-01-24	Semi-active H∞ control of high-speed railway vehicle suspension with magnetorheological dampers	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2010-2014 rank 6	0
W1997794199	OpenAlex	2013-09-01	Green technology and wearable haptic feedback display with 5×12 arrays of vibrotactile actuators	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2010-2014 rank 4	0
W1997848820	OpenAlex	2014-06-01	Arabic sign language recognition using the leap motion controller	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2010-2014 rank 5	0
W1998938117	OpenAlex	2013-06-19	Learning of compliant human–robot interaction using full-body haptic interface	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2010-2014 rank 1	0
W1999091147	OpenAlex	2014-06-01	Position estimation with a low-cost inertial measurement unit	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2010-2014 rank 7	0
W2001650137	OpenAlex	2014-04-21	Highly Stretchable and Sensitive Strain Sensor Based on Silver Nanowire–Elastomer Nanocomposite	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2010-2014 rank 3	0
W2015087358	OpenAlex	2011-12-13	A Method for the Control of Multigrasp Myoelectric Prosthetic Hands	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2010-2014 rank 9	0
W2017606857	OpenAlex	2014-02-01	HaptiGo: A navigational ‘tap on the shoulder’	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2010-2014 rank 2	2
W2018204822	OpenAlex	2014-02-21	An Analysis of the Precision and Reliability of the Leap Motion Sensor and Its Suitability for Static and Dynamic Tracking	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2010-2014 rank 2	1
W2023633446	OpenAlex	2015-04-17	Accurate, Robust, and Flexible Real-time Hand Tracking	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2015-2019 rank 2	0
W2024529169	OpenAlex	2014-10-16	Transition to manual: Driver behaviour when resuming control from a highly automated vehicle	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2010-2014 rank 6	0
W2028261273	OpenAlex	2012-11-19	Two ways to the top: Evidence that dominance and prestige are distinct yet viable avenues to social rank and influence.	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2010-2014 rank 1	2
W2029872662	OpenAlex	2013-11-07	Progress in flexible lithium batteries and future prospects	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2010-2014 rank 4	1
W2032007016	OpenAlex	2012-07-30	Quantitative Analysis of Human-Model Agreement in Visual Saliency Modeling: A Comparative Study	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2010-2014 rank 7	3
W2032115476	OpenAlex	2013-11-25	The Leap Motion controller	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2010-2014 rank 4	0
W2032418235	OpenAlex	2014-05-01	Head tracking for the Oculus Rift	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2010-2014 rank 1	1
W2039604658	OpenAlex	2013-05-14	Analysis of the Accuracy and Robustness of the Leap Motion Controller	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2010-2014 rank 1	0
W2043179906	OpenAlex	2014-08-06	A Review Paper on Oculus Rift-A Virtual Reality Headset	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2010-2014 rank 6	0
W2046209191	OpenAlex	2014-12-24	Evaluation of the Leap Motion Controller as a New Contact-Free Pointing Device	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2010-2014 rank 9	0
W2048857879	OpenAlex	2012-06-26	Recording Human Electrocorticographic (ECoG) Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2010-2014 rank 8	3
W2052534705	OpenAlex	2010-11-03	The Manipulative Complexity of Lower Paleolithic Stone Toolmaking	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2010-2014 rank 6	0
W2054780155	OpenAlex	2012-11-29	A Survey on Human Activity Recognition using Wearable Sensors	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2010-2014 rank 1	1
W2055310310	OpenAlex	2014-10-03	RML Glove—An Exoskeleton Glove Mechanism With Haptics Feedback	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2010-2014 rank 5	0
W2057979362	OpenAlex	2010-04-29	Virtual Hand Illusion Induced by Visuomotor Correlations	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2010-2014 rank 2	0
W2061077743	OpenAlex	2015-06-12	Using haptic inputs to enrich story listening for young children	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2015-2019 rank 5	0
W2072558210	OpenAlex	2014-04-26	PaperDude	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2010-2014 rank 3	0
W2082216095	OpenAlex	2011-01-19	Multisensory Stimulation Can Induce an Illusion of Larger Belly Size in Immersive Virtual Reality	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2010-2014 rank 10	0
W2083587404	OpenAlex	2015-03-16	Glove-Based Continuous Arabic Sign Language Recognition in User-Dependent Mode	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2015-2019 rank 3	0
W2084553975	OpenAlex	2014-12-04	Wearable Sensors for Human Activity Monitoring: A Review	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2010-2014 rank 5	2
W2085748178	OpenAlex	2013-11-14	Video Games and Rehabilitation	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2010-2014 rank 3	2
W2092156403	OpenAlex	2013-10-25	Super-stretchable, Transparent Carbon Nanotube-Based Capacitive Strain Sensors for Human Motion Detection	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2010-2014 rank 1	0
W2096050373	OpenAlex	2013-12-05	Wearable multifunctional sensors using printed stretchable conductors made of silver nanowires	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2010-2014 rank 7	0
W2097019132	OpenAlex	2010-01-08	Hybrid ${\rm H}^{\infty}$-Based Wavelet-Neural-Network Tracking Control for Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Servo Drives	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2010-2014 rank 8	0
W2099800354	OpenAlex	2012-10-05	Digits	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2010-2014 rank 3	2
W2101387510	OpenAlex	2014-05-28	A 3D integral imaging optical see-through head-mounted display	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2010-2014 rank 6	1
W2102804490	OpenAlex	2015-05-12	Eye Tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2015-2019 rank 1	0
W2107892800	OpenAlex	2013-01-01	Visual capture and the experience of having two bodies – Evidence from two different virtual reality techniques	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2010-2014 rank 8	0
W2111059158	OpenAlex	2011-01-28	State of the Art in Stereoscopic and Autostereoscopic Displays	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2010-2014 rank 7	1
W2111692383	OpenAlex	2010-01-01	The hybrid BCI	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2010-2014 rank 8	0
W2117170968	OpenAlex	2014-12-12	Predicting Advertising success beyond Traditional Measures: New Insights from Neurophysiological Methods and Market Response Modeling	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2010-2014 rank 10	1
W2120345115	OpenAlex	2014-11-26	A Systematic Review of Cybersickness	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2010-2014 rank 4	1
W2130299716	OpenAlex	2013-07-15	Illusory ownership of a virtual child body causes overestimation of object sizes and implicit attitude changes	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2010-2014 rank 1	0
W2131368080	OpenAlex	2012-04-20	A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2010-2014 rank 2	0
W2132698255	OpenAlex	2011-03-01	Full body haptic display for low-cost racing car driving simulators	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2010-2014 rank 6	3
W2140222892	OpenAlex	2011-08-01	Multialternative drift-diffusion model predicts the relationship between visual fixations and choice in value-based decisions	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2010-2014 rank 3	0
W2144139936	OpenAlex	2010-08-01	Immersive Journalism: Immersive Virtual Reality for the First-Person Experience of News	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2010-2014 rank 2	0
W2144794162	OpenAlex	2014-01-01	Assessment of hand kinematics using inertial and magnetic sensors	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2010-2014 rank 4	4
W2158764002	OpenAlex	2012-02-16	Gait Analysis Using Wearable Sensors	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2010-2014 rank 6	1
W2158904676	OpenAlex	2014-01-15	Attentional Selection in a Cocktail Party Environment Can Be Decoded from Single-Trial EEG	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2010-2014 rank 8	3
W2160770229	OpenAlex	2014-04-26	Free-hand interaction with leap motion controller for stroke rehabilitation	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2010-2014 rank 7	0
W2171632855	OpenAlex	2014-08-06	Sensitive, High-Strain, High-Rate Bodily Motion Sensors Based on Graphene–Rubber Composites	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2010-2014 rank 10	0
W2172292165	OpenAlex	2014-09-05	E-eyes	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2010-2014 rank 9	1
W2189200325	OpenAlex	2014-01-01	A Review Paper on Oculus Rift	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2010-2014 rank 8	0
W2189267684	OpenAlex	2013-04-01	A Design Study for the Haptic Vest as a Navigation System	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2010-2014 rank 3	0
W2211630009	OpenAlex	2015-01-01	A New Data Glove Approach for Malaysian Sign Language Detection	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2015-2019 rank 7	0
W2212216676	OpenAlex	2015-12-01	SALICON: Reducing the Semantic Gap in Saliency Prediction by Adapting Deep Neural Networks	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2015-2019 rank 8	1
W2217371521	OpenAlex	2015-11-05	Impacto	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2015-2019 rank 1	0
W2220182234	OpenAlex	2015-12-01	Systematic review of the validity and reliability of consumer-wearable activity trackers	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2015-2019 rank 7	5
W2256016128	OpenAlex	2015-10-02	Fingertip skin–inspired microstructured ferroelectric skins discriminate static/dynamic pressure and temperature stimuli	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2015-2019 rank 10	0
W2266982813	OpenAlex	2016-02-02	The Rise of Consumer Health Wearables: Promises and Barriers	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2015-2019 rank 8	2
W2268822069	OpenAlex	2016-02-12	Monitoring of Vital Signs with Flexible and Wearable Medical Devices	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2015-2019 rank 4	0
W2270470215	OpenAlex	2016-01-18	Deep Convolutional and LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks for Multimodal Wearable Activity Recognition	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2015-2019 rank 2	2
W2276486856	OpenAlex	2016-02-04	Going Deeper with Embedded FPGA Platform for Convolutional Neural Network	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2015-2019 rank 3	0
W2285870816	OpenAlex	2015-01-01	Vision-Based Model Predictive Control for Steering of a Nonholonomic Mobile Robot	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2015-2019 rank 9	0
W2287255668	OpenAlex	2015-07-26	Design And Implementation Of A Whole-Body Haptic Suit For "Ilinx", A Multisensory Art Installation	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2015-2019 rank 7	0
W2311676256	OpenAlex	2017-03-06	To immerse or not? Experimenting with two virtual retail environments	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2015-2019 rank 4	0
W2410789432	OpenAlex	2016-06-09	Comparative accuracy of fitness tracking modalities in quantifying energy expenditure	barriers	top-cited hearables 2015-2019 rank 2	0
W2466046456	OpenAlex	2016-06-01	Natural user interfaces for human-drone multi-modal interaction	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2015-2019 rank 3	0
W2468114283	OpenAlex	2016-06-01	Eye Tracking for Everyone	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2015-2019 rank 4	0
W2468530846	OpenAlex	2016-07-12	Dynamic Hand Gesture Recognition With Leap Motion Controller	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2015-2019 rank 1	0
W2493502717	OpenAlex	2016-03-01	State of the art of virtual reality technology	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2015-2019 rank 10	0
W2512388282	OpenAlex	2014-01-19	Overview: Virtual Reality in Medicine	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2010-2014 rank 7	0
W2517169793	OpenAlex	2016-08-22	Polymer‐Enhanced Highly Stretchable Conductive Fiber Strain Sensor Used for Electronic Data Gloves	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2015-2019 rank 8	0
W2531849700	OpenAlex	2016-11-11	Jump	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2015-2019 rank 9	0
W2549587034	OpenAlex	2016-11-12	Fully Implanted Brain–Computer Interface in a Locked-In Patient with ALS	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2015-2019 rank 9	0
W2562199918	OpenAlex	2016-12-19	Enhancing Our Lives with Immersive Virtual Reality	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2015-2019 rank 2	1
W2565104410	OpenAlex	2017-01-01	Using Inertial Sensors for Position and Orientation Estimation	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2015-2019 rank 5	0
W2573003069	OpenAlex	2017-01-12	Wearable Sensors for Remote Health Monitoring	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2015-2019 rank 6	4
W2593519715	OpenAlex	2017-02-28	Smart Earbuds: A Looming Threat to the Hearing Aid Market?	barriers	top-cited hearables 2015-2019 rank 7	3
W2600007407	OpenAlex	2017-03-29	Virtual Reality for Management of Pain in Hospitalized Patients: Results of a Controlled Trial	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2015-2019 rank 3	1
W2611287876	OpenAlex	2017-05-01	The Use of Virtual Reality Technology in the Treatment of Anxiety and Other Psychiatric Disorders	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2015-2019 rank 4	1
W2613641796	OpenAlex	2016-12-01	Brain signal processing: Technologies, analysis and application	barriers	top-cited full-dive 2015-2019 rank 1	1
W2614113705	OpenAlex	2017-07-20	Holographic near-eye displays for virtual and augmented reality	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2015-2019 rank 5	1
W2615297659	OpenAlex	2017-05-18	The Accuracy and Precision of Position and Orientation Tracking in the HTC Vive Virtual Reality System for Scientific Research	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2015-2019 rank 8	3
W2742722178	OpenAlex	2017-08-04	Neural decoding of attentional selection in multi-speaker environments without access to clean sources	barriers	top-cited hearables 2015-2019 rank 1	2
W2749718288	OpenAlex	2017-08-17	Multiple Wearable Sensors in Parkinson and Huntington Disease Individuals: A Pilot Study in Clinic and at Home	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2015-2019 rank 1	1
W2766910928	OpenAlex	2017-08-01	Real time noise suppression in social settings comprising a mixture of non-stationary anc transient noise	barriers	top-cited hearables 2015-2019 rank 9	1
W2767479872	OpenAlex	2017-11-01	Being There in the Midst of the Story: How Immersive Journalism Affects Our Perceptions and Cognitions	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2015-2019 rank 7	0
W2768123168	OpenAlex	2017-11-28	Wearable sensors: modalities, challenges, and prospects	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2015-2019 rank 5	4
W2768613576	OpenAlex	2017-01-01	Leap Motion-based virtual reality training for improving motor functional recovery of upper limbs and neural reorganization in subacute stroke patients	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2015-2019 rank 6	3
W2770867434	OpenAlex	2017-11-29	CoVR: Cloud-Based Multiuser Virtual Reality Headset System for Project Communication of Remote Users	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2015-2019 rank 10	2
W2775138940	OpenAlex	2017-12-11	Evaluation of Presence in Virtual Environments: Haptic Vest and User’s Haptic Skills	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2015-2019 rank 2	0
W2780601052	OpenAlex	2017-12-19	An open resource for transdiagnostic research in pediatric mental health and learning disorders	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2015-2019 rank 6	0
W2782905495	OpenAlex	2020-03-01	Quantifying Sources of Variability in Infancy Research Using the Infant-Directed-Speech Preference	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2020-2025 rank 4	1
W2784520583	OpenAlex	2018-01-17	Adequacy of Immersive Virtual Reality for the Perception of Daylit Spaces: Comparison of Real and Virtual Environments	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2015-2019 rank 8	1
W2794385674	OpenAlex	2018-01-18	The Impact of Avatar Personalization and Immersion on Virtual Body Ownership, Presence, and Emotional Response	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2015-2019 rank 7	0
W2795354662	OpenAlex	2018-07-13	Exploiting Recurrent Neural Networks and Leap Motion Controller for the Recognition of Sign Language and Semaphoric Hand Gestures	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2015-2019 rank 5	0
W2800516701	OpenAlex	2018-06-28	Predicting while comprehending language: A theory and review.	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2015-2019 rank 10	0
W2803959925	OpenAlex	2018-05-16	Virtual memory palaces: immersion aids recall	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2015-2019 rank 6	0
W2818868293	OpenAlex	2018-07-12	Nonlinear PID-Type Controller for Quadrotor Trajectory Tracking	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2015-2019 rank 7	0
W2858643988	OpenAlex	2018-07-07	Review of Three-Dimensional Human-Computer Interaction with Focus on the Leap Motion Controller	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2015-2019 rank 8	0
W2867409326	OpenAlex	2018-07-06	NiO@SiO2/PVDF: A Flexible Polymer Nanocomposite for a High Performance Human Body Motion-Based Energy Harvester and Tactile e-Skin Mechanosensor	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2015-2019 rank 10	1
W2897561735	OpenAlex	2018-10-11	DextrES	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2015-2019 rank 6	0
W2897666773	OpenAlex	2018-10-19	American Sign Language Recognition Using Leap Motion Controller with Machine Learning Approach	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2015-2019 rank 10	0
W2899457298	OpenAlex	2019-04-22	Studying human behavior with virtual reality: The Unity Experiment Framework	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2015-2019 rank 4	2
W2899474210	OpenAlex	2018-11-01	Emergency steering control of autonomous vehicle for collision avoidance and stabilisation	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2015-2019 rank 4	0
W2906508368	OpenAlex	2018-10-01	An Ultra-low-power 28nm CMOS Dual-die ASIC Platform for Smart Hearables	barriers	top-cited hearables 2015-2019 rank 6	0
W2912648566	OpenAlex	2019-02-15	Flexible Electronics toward Wearable Sensing	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2015-2019 rank 9	1
W2921955829	OpenAlex	2019-02-01	17.6 A Sub-40μW 5Mb/s Magnetic Human Body Communication Transceiver Demonstrating Trans-Body Delivery of High-Fidelity Audio to a Wearable In-Ear Headphone	barriers	top-cited hearables 2015-2019 rank 3	2
W2936076538	OpenAlex	2019-04-17	A Noise Robust Hearable Device with an Adaptive Noise Canceller and Its DSP Implementation	barriers	top-cited hearables 2015-2019 rank 10	0
W2943313865	OpenAlex	2019-05-02	Virtual reality in tourism: a state-of-the-art review	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2015-2019 rank 9	0
W2947250242	OpenAlex	2019-05-27	Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Virtual Reality in Pediatrics: Effects on Pain and Anxiety	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2015-2019 rank 5	0
W2950754238	OpenAlex	2019-05-31	Using Eye Tracking and Heart-Rate Activity to Examine Crossmodal Correspondences QoE in Mulsemedia	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2015-2019 rank 4	0
W2952112287	OpenAlex	2019-06-11	Multimaterial 3D Printing of Highly Stretchable Silicone Elastomers	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2015-2019 rank 1	1
W2956872328	OpenAlex	2019-07-12	Interactive hand pose estimation using a stretch-sensing soft glove	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2015-2019 rank 5	2
W2963082940	OpenAlex	2019-07-25	Arque	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2015-2019 rank 8	0
W2963669336	OpenAlex	2018-05-01	Deep Imitation Learning for Complex Manipulation Tasks from Virtual Reality Teleoperation	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2015-2019 rank 1	0
W2963961866	OpenAlex	2014-07-25	A Review Paper on Oculus Rift-A Virtual Reality Headset	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2010-2014 rank 2	0
W2964114602	OpenAlex	2018-10-01	Feedback Control For Cassie With Deep Reinforcement Learning	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2015-2019 rank 2	1
W2972270860	OpenAlex	2019-09-05	SelfSync	barriers	top-cited hearables 2015-2019 rank 5	0
W2972739078	OpenAlex	2019-09-09	PDR with head swing detection only using hearable device	barriers	top-cited hearables 2015-2019 rank 8	0
W2981157619	OpenAlex	2019-10-16	All‐Printed Flexible and Stretchable Electronics with Pressing or Freezing Activatable Liquid‐Metal–Silicone Inks	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2015-2019 rank 2	1
W2981679558	OpenAlex	2019-11-07	Machine learning algorithm validation with a limited sample size	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2015-2019 rank 2	1
W2982923285	OpenAlex	2019-11-01	Do Smartphone Hearing Aid Apps Work?	barriers	top-cited hearables 2015-2019 rank 4	6
W2983328279	OpenAlex	2019-11-01	Synesthesia Wear : Full-body haptic clothing interface based on two-dimensional signal transmission	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2015-2019 rank 6	0
W2987985090	OpenAlex	2019-11-13	Large-Scale Assessment of a Smartwatch to Identify Atrial Fibrillation	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2015-2019 rank 3	1
W2995065029	OpenAlex	2019-12-09	A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: Design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2015-2019 rank 1	0
W2997285376	OpenAlex	2013-11-01	Near-eye light field displays	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2010-2014 rank 5	0
W2998309229	OpenAlex	2019-12-31	Understanding How Virtual Reality Can Support Mindfulness Practice: Mixed Methods Study	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2015-2019 rank 6	3
W2998922900	OpenAlex	2020-01-19	Mechanically and Electronically Robust Transparent Organohydrogel Fibers	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2020-2025 rank 1	3
W3000524582	OpenAlex	2020-01-04	Event Perception and Memory	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2020-2025 rank 5	0
W3000647430	OpenAlex	2020-01-14	Older Adults With Cognitive and/or Physical Impairments Can Benefit From Immersive Virtual Reality Experiences: A Feasibility Study	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2020-2025 rank 9	1
W3001201849	OpenAlex	2020-02-08	Design methodology for 360° immersive video applications: the case study of a cultural heritage virtual tour	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2020-2025 rank 9	1
W3003509399	OpenAlex	2020-01-31	Virtual Reality Is Sexist: But It Does Not Have to Be	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2020-2025 rank 4	0
W3006672203	OpenAlex	2020-02-16	A Survey on Hand Pose Estimation with Wearable Sensors and Computer-Vision-Based Methods	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2020-2025 rank 5	2
W3008536585	OpenAlex	2020-02-25	Effects of augmented reality on learning and cognitive load in university physics laboratory courses	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2020-2025 rank 8	0
W3011053760	OpenAlex	2020-01-01	Usability of Mobile Applications: A Systematic Literature Study	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2020-2025 rank 10	0
W3012377897	OpenAlex	2020-01-01	Ultrasensitive skin-like wearable optical sensors based on glass micro/nanofibers	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2020-2025 rank 3	1
W3014138823	OpenAlex	2020-03-31	Factors Associated With Virtual Reality Sickness in Head-Mounted Displays: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2020-2025 rank 3	0
W3020487153	OpenAlex	2020-04-22	Emotion Recognition Using Eye-Tracking: Taxonomy, Review and Current Challenges	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2020-2025 rank 9	0
W3021647634	OpenAlex	2020-01-01	Improvement of BCI operation accuracy by the VR human body motion feedback	barriers	top-cited full-dive 2020-2025 rank 10	0
W3023487080	OpenAlex	2020-07-13	Effects of virtual reality associated with serious games for upper limb rehabilitation in patients with multiple sclerosis: randomized controlled trial	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2020-2025 rank 7	1
W3024834108	OpenAlex	2020-01-01	Mussel-inspired hydrogels: from design principles to promising applications	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2020-2025 rank 5	1
W3030590775	OpenAlex	2014-05-05	Designing Tactile Interfaces for Abstract Interpersonal Communication, Pedestrian Navigation and Motorcyclists Navigation	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2010-2014 rank 8	4
W3031029492	OpenAlex	2020-04-21	EarBuddy: Enabling On-Face Interaction via Wireless Earbuds	barriers	top-cited hearables 2020-2025 rank 2	0
W3034226296	OpenAlex	2020-07-07	Lio-A Personal Robot Assistant for Human-Robot Interaction and Care Applications	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2020-2025 rank 4	0
W3036646185	OpenAlex	2020-06-18	Connecting Through Technology During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Avoiding “Zoom Fatigue”	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2020-2025 rank 5	5
W3037734338	OpenAlex	2020-06-25	Reliability and Validity of Commercially Available Wearable Devices for Measuring Steps, Energy Expenditure, and Heart Rate: Systematic Review	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2020-2025 rank 1	3
W3041285464	OpenAlex	2020-07-11	Immersive virtual reality as a pedagogical tool in education: a systematic literature review of quantitative learning outcomes and experimental design	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2020-2025 rank 2	2
W3048921023	OpenAlex	2020-08-12	MEgATrack	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2020-2025 rank 7	1
W3080501213	OpenAlex	2020-08-24	Prospects for intelligent rehabilitation techniques to treat motor dysfunction	barriers	top-cited full-dive 2020-2025 rank 1	1
W3084427344	OpenAlex	2020-09-08	Effectiveness of immersive virtual reality using head‐mounted displays on learning performance: A meta‐analysis	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2020-2025 rank 4	1
W3112664346	OpenAlex	2022-05-20	RLOC: Terrain-Aware Legged Locomotion Using Reinforcement Learning and Optimal Control	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2020-2025 rank 5	0
W3113070793	OpenAlex	2020-12-17	Design and Implementation of Deep Neural Network-Based Control for Automatic Parking Maneuver Process	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2020-2025 rank 3	0
W3114961667	OpenAlex	2020-12-30	Estimation of Torso Vibrotactile Thresholds Using Eccentric Rotating Mass Motors	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2020-2025 rank 7	0
W3117266371	OpenAlex	2020-12-29	Wearable Sensors‐Enabled Human–Machine Interaction Systems: From Design to Application	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2020-2025 rank 2	1
W3118385276	OpenAlex	2021-01-05	Body, Avatar, and Me	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2020-2025 rank 10	0
W3119113223	OpenAlex	2021-01-14	New Adaptive Control Methods for $n$-Link Robot Manipulators With Online Gravity Compensation: Design and Experiments	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2020-2025 rank 10	1
W3119643745	OpenAlex	2021-01-13	An 8-Week Self-Administered At-Home Behavioral Skills-Based Virtual Reality Program for Chronic Low Back Pain: Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Conducted During COVID-19	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2020-2025 rank 6	0
W3128795238	OpenAlex	2021-02-11	Variable Stiffness Devices Using Fiber Jamming for Application in Soft Robotics and Wearable Haptics	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2020-2025 rank 7	0
W3133995976	OpenAlex	2021-05-10	Dynamic Hand Gesture Recognition Based on 3D Hand Pose Estimation for Human–Robot Interaction	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2020-2025 rank 6	1
W3137529719	OpenAlex	2021-03-17	Review of Eye Tracking Metrics Involved in Emotional and Cognitive Processes	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2020-2025 rank 3	2
W3154736008	OpenAlex	2021-04-10	Cybersickness in current-generation virtual reality head-mounted displays: systematic review and outlook	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2020-2025 rank 7	0
W3159051549	OpenAlex	2021-01-01	Dynamic Hand Gesture Recognition Based on Signals From Specialized Data Glove and Deep Learning Algorithms	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2020-2025 rank 10	1
W3167315278	OpenAlex	2021-06-07	Virtual Reality for Supporting the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: Scoping Review	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2020-2025 rank 8	1
W3167394498	OpenAlex	2021-01-01	A Review on Mental Stress Detection Using Wearable Sensors and Machine Learning Techniques	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2020-2025 rank 10	1
W3170876588	OpenAlex	2021-01-01	Have We Crossed the Uncanny Valley? Understanding Affinity, Trustworthiness, and Preference for Realistic Digital Humans in Immersive Environments	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2020-2025 rank 10	0
W3174183721	OpenAlex	2021-06-23	Robust Inertial Motion Tracking through Deep Sensor Fusion across Smart Earbuds and Smartphone	barriers	top-cited hearables 2020-2025 rank 5	3
W3175702010	OpenAlex	2021-06-22	OESense	barriers	top-cited hearables 2020-2025 rank 3	0
W3177014436	OpenAlex	2021-06-20	How interactivity and vividness influence consumer virtual reality shopping experience: the mediating role of telepresence	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2020-2025 rank 5	1
W3177318554	OpenAlex	2021-06-28	Understanding the Design Space of Mouth Microgestures	barriers	top-cited hearables 2020-2025 rank 8	0
W3183260811	OpenAlex	2021-07-21	Clinical Effects of Immersive Multimodal BCI-VR Training after Bilateral Neuromodulation with rTMS on Upper Limb Motor Recovery after Stroke. A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial	barriers	top-cited full-dive 2020-2025 rank 4	0
W3199500021	OpenAlex	2021-09-24	Advanced Nanocellulose‐Based Composites for Flexible Functional Energy Storage Devices	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2020-2025 rank 3	2
W3207015672	OpenAlex	2021-10-15	A High‐Performance, Sensitive, Wearable Multifunctional Sensor Based on Rubber/CNT for Human Motion and Skin Temperature Detection	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2020-2025 rank 6	1
W3209992943	OpenAlex	2021-10-25	Augmented reality and virtual reality displays: emerging technologies and future perspectives	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2020-2025 rank 1	2
W3210766530	OpenAlex	2022-02-14	Deep Learning in Human Activity Recognition with Wearable Sensors: A Review on Advances	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2020-2025 rank 7	1
W4200119497	OpenAlex	2021-10-25	Effect of Continuous and Discrete Feedback on Agency and Frustration in a Brain-Computer Interface Virtual Reality Interaction	barriers	top-cited full-dive 2020-2025 rank 6	0
W4200339538	OpenAlex	2021-12-15	Recognizing Full-Body Exercise Execution Errors Using the Teslasuit	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2020-2025 rank 5	1
W4200628964	OpenAlex	2022-12-20	Enabling Real-Time On-Chip Audio Super Resolution for Bone-Conduction Microphones	barriers	top-cited hearables 2020-2025 rank 10	1
W4205116128	OpenAlex	2022-01-11	Global Trends and Hotspots in Research on Rehabilitation Robots: A Bibliometric Analysis From 2010 to 2020	barriers	top-cited full-dive 2020-2025 rank 2	2
W4205399593	OpenAlex	2021-12-01	Goldeye: Enhanced Spatial Awareness for the Visually Impaired using Mixed Reality and Vibrotactile Feedback	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2020-2025 rank 10	3
W4205563072	OpenAlex	2022-01-11	Eye Movement and Pupil Measures: A Review	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2020-2025 rank 8	1
W4206965993	OpenAlex	2022-01-22	Flexible Strain Sensors for Wearable Hand Gesture Recognition: From Devices to Systems	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2020-2025 rank 9	2
W4214540501	OpenAlex	2020-10-12	Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Multimedia	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2020-2025 rank 1	8
W4220788735	OpenAlex	2022-03-28	Self‐Powered Gesture Recognition Wristband Enabled by Machine Learning for Full Keyboard and Multicommand Input	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2020-2025 rank 2	3
W4224248594	OpenAlex	2020-01-01	Overview of Controllers of User Interface for Virtual Reality	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2020-2025 rank 8	0
W4224253557	OpenAlex	2022-04-22	Benefits of Taking a Virtual Field Trip in Immersive Virtual Reality: Evidence for the Immersion Principle in Multimedia Learning	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2020-2025 rank 6	0
W4224924156	OpenAlex	2022-01-31	AirPods and the earth: Digital technologies, planned obsolescence and the Capitalocene	barriers	top-cited hearables 2020-2025 rank 6	0
W4234790529	OpenAlex	2014-11-01	Table of contents	barriers	top-cited full-dive 2010-2014 rank 1	0
W4253387350	OpenAlex	2019-07-25	Arque	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2015-2019 rank 3	0
W4253973802	OpenAlex	2014-02-01	[D14] HaptiGo: A navigational ‘tap on the shoulder’	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2010-2014 rank 7	2
W42608347	OpenAlex	2014-01-01	Feeling Stories: Enriching Story Listening Experience for Children with Haptic Feedback	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2010-2014 rank 5	0
W4281674952	OpenAlex	2022-05-30	Wearable EEG electronics for a Brain–AI Closed-Loop System to enhance autonomous machine decision-making	barriers	top-cited hearables 2020-2025 rank 1	1
W4281778727	OpenAlex	2022-05-30	Advanced liquid crystal devices for augmented reality and virtual reality displays: principles and applications	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2020-2025 rank 2	1
W4283031696	OpenAlex	2022-06-16	ClearBuds	barriers	top-cited hearables 2020-2025 rank 4	0
W4283322968	OpenAlex	2022-06-23	Piezoelectric strain sensor with high sensitivity and high stretchability based on kirigami design cutting	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2020-2025 rank 4	0
W4285108207	OpenAlex	2022-06-23	Deep Learning-Based Trajectory Planning and Control for Autonomous Ground Vehicle Parking Maneuver	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2020-2025 rank 1	1
W4285891242	OpenAlex	2022-07-19	Effectiveness of wearable activity trackers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2020-2025 rank 8	1
W4293217494	OpenAlex	2022-08-26	Finding Goldilocks Influencers: How Follower Count Drives Social Media Engagement	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2020-2025 rank 7	1
W4293733527	OpenAlex	2022-01-01	Haptic Devices: Wearability-Based Taxonomy and Literature Review	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2020-2025 rank 1	1
W4298168026	OpenAlex	2014-11-19	Towards the Holodeck	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2010-2014 rank 4	0
W4311702767	OpenAlex	2022-12-06	Social interactions in the metaverse: Framework, initial evidence, and research roadmap	barriers	top-cited vr-headsets 2020-2025 rank 3	1
W4312771455	OpenAlex	2022-10-12	An Integrated Trajectory Planning and Motion Control Strategy of a Variable Rotational Speed Pump-Controlled Electro-Hydraulic Actuator	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2020-2025 rank 9	0
W4312950889	OpenAlex	2022-10-04	A MAS-Based Hierarchical Architecture for the Cooperation Control of Connected and Automated Vehicles	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2020-2025 rank 8	1
W4317213439	OpenAlex	2023-01-18	Eye Tracking in Virtual Reality: a Broad Review of Applications and Challenges	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2020-2025 rank 6	1
W4319349129	OpenAlex	2023-02-07	Pneumatic and acoustic suit: multimodal haptic suit for enhanced virtual reality simulation	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2020-2025 rank 6	0
W4324370101	OpenAlex	2023-03-15	Improving virtual reality navigation tasks using a haptic vest and upper body tracking	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2020-2025 rank 9	3
W4360989166	OpenAlex	2023-03-27	Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2020-2025 rank 4	2
W4378082501	OpenAlex	2023-05-23	Hydraulically Amplified Electrostatic Taxels (HAXELs) for Full Body Haptics	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2020-2025 rank 2	0
W4382501857	OpenAlex	2023-06-29	HaptGlove—Untethered Pneumatic Glove for Multimode Haptic Feedback in Reality–Virtuality Continuum	barriers	top-cited data-gloves 2020-2025 rank 8	0
W4386800155	OpenAlex	2023-09-16	Emotion recognition and artificial intelligence: A systematic review (2014–2023) and research recommendations	barriers	top-cited eye-tracking 2020-2025 rank 2	1
W4387805855	OpenAlex	2023-01-01	Vision-Motion Codesign for Low-Level Trajectory Generation in Visual Servoing Systems	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2020-2025 rank 2	0
W4387835382	OpenAlex	2023-10-20	Semantic Hearing: Programming Acoustic Scenes with Binaural Hearables	barriers	top-cited hearables 2020-2025 rank 7	0
W4389203612	OpenAlex	2023-11-29	The Emergence of AI-Based Wearable Sensors for Digital Health Technology: A Review	barriers	top-cited wrist-worn 2020-2025 rank 9	4
W4390772381	OpenAlex	2024-01-09	HapMotion: motion-to-tactile framework with wearable haptic devices for immersive VR performance experience	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2020-2025 rank 3	0
W4391561031	OpenAlex	2024-02-06	Overview of the megaGEMS AEOP Summer 2021 Research Apprenticeship Camp	barriers	top-cited full-dive 2020-2025 rank 9	0
W4396832518	OpenAlex	2024-05-11	Haptic Source-Effector: Full-Body Haptics via Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation	barriers	top-cited haptic-suits 2020-2025 rank 4	0
W4400573519	OpenAlex	2024-07-12	MotionCtrl: A Unified and Flexible Motion Controller for Video Generation	barriers	top-cited motion-controllers 2020-2025 rank 6	0
W4401689944	OpenAlex	2024-08-19	Using Full Dive Virtual Reality to Operationalize Warfighter Resilience: From Proof of Concept and Usability of Hardware and Software to Upcoming Integrated Psychological Skills Training	barriers	top-cited full-dive 2020-2025 rank 7	2
W4401728194	OpenAlex	2024-08-21	Intelligent medicine in focus: the 5 stages of evolution in robot-assisted surgery for prostate cancer in the past 20 years and future implications	barriers	top-cited full-dive 2020-2025 rank 3	2
W4414680278	OpenAlex	2025-09-29	Reconnecting Brain Networks After Stroke: A Scoping Review of Conventional, Neuromodulatory, and Feedback-Driven Rehabilitation Approaches	barriers	top-cited full-dive 2020-2025 rank 8	0
W4416298694	OpenAlex	2025-11-12	Reconnecting Brain Networks After Stroke: A Scoping Review of Conventional, Neuromodulatory, and Feedback-Driven Rehabilitation Approaches	barriers	top-cited full-dive 2020-2025 rank 5	0
W611175801	OpenAlex	2013-10-31	Democracy and Media Decadence	barriers	top-cited smart-glasses 2010-2014 rank 9	0
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W7117682023	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Quality Assessment of a Foot-Mounted Inertial Measurement Unit System to Measure On-Field Spatiotemporal Acceleration Metrics	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 2	0
W7117693653	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Electret-Enhanced Triboelectric Nanogenerator	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 3	0
W7117714512	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Electrically Conductive 3D-Printed Piezoresistive Metastructure Lattice Sensors	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 4	0
W7117716108	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	REVIEW OF MACHINE LEARNING IMPLEMENTATION IN HEART RATE PREDICTION FOR RUNNING	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 5	0
W7117729463	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	AI at the Frontline	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 6	0
W7117732852	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Wearable technology in social efforts to improve health and happiness of consumer applications: A Systematic literature review	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 7	0
W7117733153	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Machine-learning assisted filterless color imaging with donor–acceptor ratio engineered self-driven organic photodetectors	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 8	0
W7117735842	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Advanced Optical Fiber Sensor-Based Smart Chair for Real-Time Monitoring of Student Physical Measurements and Physiological Signals	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 9	0
W7117770072	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Wearable Technologies in Postoperative Nursing Care: Innovative Approaches in the Digital Health Age	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 10	0
W7117869900	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Research on Risk Assessment of Arterial Stiffness by Using Photoplethysmogram in Young people	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 11	0
W7118170496	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Enhancing Health and Safety Practices in Construction Site in Developing Nations Through Technology Advancement in South Western Nigeria	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 12	0
W7118597361	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ADAPTIVE AND INDIVIDUALIZED SPORTS COACHING	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 13	0
W7118629133	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Cuffless, calibration-free hemodynamic monitoring with physics-informed machine learning models	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 14	0
W7118947506	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ADAPTIVE AND INDIVIDUALIZED SPORTS COACHING	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 15	0
W7119035403	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Back Matter	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 16	0
W7119234691	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Cuffless, calibration-free hemodynamic monitoring with physics-informed machine learning models	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 17	0
W7119557149	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Cuffless, calibration-free hemodynamic monitoring with physics-informed machine learning models.	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 18	0
W7126175111	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	LLM-Cardio: A Large Language Model-Based Assistant for Cardiovascular Health Inquiry and Diagnostic Support Using Wearable Data	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 19	0
W7126182380	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Emerging Technologies Transforming Vision Rehabilitation and Eye Care Accessibility	relevance	most-recent wearable-computing work rank 20	0

§ 07

Limitations

Regulation is unmeasured for Smart glasses, Wrist-worn computers, VR headsets, Hearables, Data gloves, Motion controllers, Eye tracking, Haptic suits and Full-dive, not measured as zero: the root's terms match 11 rules, none about a computer worn on the body (0 of 11 in the relevance reading of 2026-09-20), so no product's regulation is measured.
Testing is unmeasured for Haptic suits and Full-dive, not measured as zero: the registry holds no study for these terms (probed 2026-09-20).
The Federal Register sample reads 0/11 of its documents about the root, a precision of 0.00: most of what it counts is not about the root.
The NSF sample reads 9/20 of its documents about the root, a precision of 0.45: most of what it counts is not about the root.
The Open Library sample reads 8/20 of its documents about the root, a precision of 0.40: most of what it counts is not about the root.
The OpenAlex sample reads 7/20 of its documents about the root, a precision of 0.35: most of what it counts is not about the root.
20 of the 20 dated fiction works had no second record to check their year against, so the fiction lead rests on the catalogue's own dates.
9 arrival years are hand-typed from public announcements, not measured from the record, so every reading printed after an arrival rests on a year nothing here measured.
The wearable-computing corpus was walked year by year after a flat collection came 248 works short, so its counts are two passes rather than one sweep.
The wrist-worn corpus was walked year by year after a flat collection came 717 works short, so its counts are two passes rather than one sweep.
The eye-tracking corpus was walked year by year after a flat collection came 1,137 works short, so its counts are two passes rather than one sweep.
Smart glasses and Motion controllers scored 0.00, clamped: the mean of their components less their barrier penalty fell below zero, so the score is a floor rather than a measurement.
Hearables was read over 175 works, under the 200-work floor a trajectory is read against, so its shape rests on a thin corpus.
Haptic suits was read over 143 works, under the 200-work floor a trajectory is read against, so its shape rests on a thin corpus.
Full-dive was read over 16 works, under the 200-work floor a trajectory is read against, so its shape rests on a thin corpus.