Raven: Quantum entanglement and its downstream products

§ 01

The reading

The root is Quantum entanglement, and 7 products were measured against it. In score order: Quantum sensing 0.42, moderate; Quantum networks 0.37, weak; Post-quantum cryptography 0.32, weak; Quantum key distribution 0.26, weak; Quantum computing 0.24, weak; Quantum teleportation 0.11, weak; Faster-than-light messaging 0.00, weak, clamped, growth pinned at a control. 35 hand-checked barriers were found over 252 documents read for barriers: 35 physical. Fiction crossed a tenth of its peak (20 works of fiction in 2014) in 1970, research a tenth of its (4,127 works in 2025) in 2002: fiction led by 32 years.

This is a research project presented as one. I assembled what the public record says about one chain of technology, by stated rules rather than by narrative, and scored what it shows. The score is an evidence score over one chain, anchored to two controls. It is not a calibrated probability, and nothing on this page calls it one.

§ 02

Why it is hard

No Federal Register rule reached the barrier sample, so what the regulator says about quantum key distribution, quantum networks, quantum teleportation, quantum computing, quantum sensing, post-quantum cryptography and faster-than-light messaging is unmeasured here.

A sentence that states a real barrier but carries none of the 17 marker words is invisible to the filter, to the model and to the truth alike; the filter's ceiling is inherited whole.

§ 03

The controls

From 2000 to 2025, research on large language model grew about 16,000-fold, smoke detector about 3.0-fold, and all published work about 2.6-fold. A product's growth is placed on that range: 0 grew like smoke detector, 1 like large language model.

The chart, the exact multiples and the formula

Two searches were fixed before the run as anchors: large language model as the boom control and smoke detector as the mature control, against every work in the index. The multiple is the sum of the last 5 years plus one over the sum of the first 5 years plus one.

Fig. 1 · the two controls and the index

Three series on one log axis, 2000–2025; each anchor's multiple is printed below.

The two controls and the index
control	works	2000	2025	multiple
large language model	148,587	2	88,754	16,490.9x
smoke detector	1,733	36	132	3.0x
every work	220,506,496	3,795,719	14,806,877	2.6x

The mature anchor sits at 0 and the boom anchor at 1 by construction; 0 means "grew as the smoke detector literature did", not "flat".

§ 04

The chain

8 capabilities in the order the chain states them, the root first. Each carries its search terms per stage, its research series against the index, and its other stages as counts with their n. A stage no registry covers is marked unmeasured and left out of the score's denominator: unmeasured is not zero.

Quantum entanglement

What was searched · 5 of 5 stages measured

fiction: interstellar travel, teleportation
research: quantum entanglement, entangled photons, entangled states
funding: quantum entanglement, entangled photon, entangled photons, entangled state, entangled states
testing: quantum entanglement, entangled photon, entangled photons, entangled state, entangled states
regulation: quantum entanglement, entangled photons, entangled states

Fiction crossed a tenth of its peak (20 works of fiction in 2014) in 1970, research a tenth of its (4,127 works in 2025) in 2002: fiction led by 32 years.

The earliest work the catalogue dates in 1900–2025 is Wunderwelten (1911): the catalogue's earliest, not history's. Catalogues fill in toward the present as research indexes do, which pushes a fiction crossing later, so the lead errs short.

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 5.7-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 2 · Quantum entanglement: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

Fig. 3 · Quantum entanglement: fiction against research

Each line is drawn to its own peak, so the two are not on one scale: the shapes are compared, not the sizes. Fiction is counted by the catalogue's first-publication year, research by publication year, over the same years.

fiction: 249 works of fiction in 1900–2025
funding: 453 awards in 2000–2025
testing: 0 studies registered in 2000–2025
regulation: 0 final rules, 0 proposed, in 2000–2025

No edge is measured on this literature; it is what the products' edges are measured against.

Confidence: not scored, the root is what the products are scored against.

Quantum key distribution

What was searched · 4 of 5 stages measured

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only, under the catalogue's headings for interstellar travel and teleportation: the catalogue has no heading for faster-than-light messaging, and the fiction its science promised is faster-than-light messaging and teleportation
research: quantum key distribution
funding: quantum key distribution
testing: quantum key distribution
regulation: quantum key distribution

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 12.8-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 4 · Quantum key distribution: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only, under the catalogue's headings for interstellar travel and teleportation: the catalogue has no heading for faster-than-light messaging, and the fiction its science promised is faster-than-light messaging and teleportation
funding: 53 awards in 2000–2025
testing: 0 studies registered in 2000–2025
regulation: 19 final rules, 2 proposed, in 2000–2025

Citations · 4 edges measured on this literature

Fig. 5 · edges measured on the literature of Quantum key distribution
edge	variant	share	reach	works citing the cited set (of works with references)	coverage (works with references / works)	references (into the cited set / all)	cited works	overlap
barcode scanner (negative control) to Quantum key distribution	overlap kept	0.00	0.00	0/11,097	11,097/15,679	0/362,914	920	0 removed from the cited side
barcode scanner (negative control) to Quantum key distribution	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.00	0.00	0/11,097	11,097/15,679	0/362,914	920	0 dropped from the citing side
Quantum entanglement to Quantum key distribution	overlap kept	0.04	0.34	3,806/11,097	11,097/15,679	13,304/362,914	29,608	1,142 removed from the cited side
Quantum entanglement to Quantum key distribution	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.04	0.41	4,251/10,295	10,295/14,537	13,798/332,419	30,750	1,142 dropped from the citing side

An edge measures intellectual dependency through citations, not causation; both variants are printed because removing the overlap from one side only is a choice, and the negative control shows what a share looks like when there is no dependency at all.

Score · weak · 0.26

Each bar is one component of the score, 0 to 1; the barrier penalty is taken off and drawn to the left. The score is the mean of the determined components, less the penalty.

On growth it sits 0.17 of the way from smoke detector to large language model; hand-checked barriers cost it 0.30.

How the score was worked · 5 components

growth: 0.17
dependency: 0.34
precedence: 1.00
stages: 0.75
barriers: -0.30

growth: 0.17 on a log scale where the mature control sits at 0 (3.0x) and the boom control at 1 (16,491x); smoothed growth 12.8x against the index's 2.6x
dependency: 0.34 of the product's works with recorded references cite at least one root work (reference coverage 0.71 of 15,679 works; 13,304 of 362,914 references land in the root's 29,608 works)
precedence: the root crossed a tenth of its peak in 2002, before the product in 2005
stages: 3 of 4 measured stages show signal (research 15,701, funding 53, regulation 21; testing 0)
barriers: 8 physical on 8 distinct sentences of 9 recorded; component -0.30
score: 0.26 = mean of 4 determined components (0.56) with the barrier penalty (-0.30); labelled weak

Barriers · 9 found in 40 documents read

40 documents were read for barriers; 20 of them yielded a candidate sentence, 34 candidate sentences in all. 9 hand-checked barriers were found in 9 of those documents. The other 31 documents are negatives: 11 substantive, with candidates and none of them a barrier, and 20 trivial, with no candidate at all.

Hand-checked barriers

NSF 2237004 · 2022-09-15physical

Not only do these links require careful maintenance and calibration to ensure quantum-coherence, compared to classical approaches, these systems are not portable and cannot be used for key distribution over public or unsecured channels.

NSF 2322891 · 2023-07-26physical

Yet many of the existing techniques for producing quantum light are limited by their random production of photons in time or poor rate of photon production, and, they largely operate in free space.

NSF 2322892 · 2023-07-26physical

Yet many of the existing techniques for producing quantum light are limited by their random production of photons in time or poor rate of photon production, and, they largely operate in free space.

NSF 2522101 · 2025-07-18physical

However, current quantum hardware is noisy, error-prone, and inefficient, making the reliable distribution of entanglement -- the key resource powering these applications -- a formidable challenge.

OpenAlex W2170240091 · 2012-01-17physical

Another challenge is that most security proofs are very sensitive to small differences between the physical devices used by the protocol and the theoretical model used to describe them.

OpenAlex W2214536953 · 2016-02-15physical

Despite the tremendous progress of quantum cryptography, efficient quantum communication over long distances (≥ 1000 km) remains an outstanding challenge due to fiber attenuation and operation errors accumulated over the entire communication distance.

OpenAlex W2473315843 · 2016-11-07physical

Nonetheless, before QKD can be widely adopted, it faces a number of important challenges such as secret key rate, distance, size, cost and practical security.

OpenAlex W4288052074 · 2022-07-27physical

The realization of DIQKD, however, is extremely challenging—mainly because it is difficult to establish high-quality entangled states between two remote locations with high detection efficiency.

OpenAlex W4378214526 · 2023-05-25physical

The major one is the distance limit, which is caused by the fact that a quantum signal cannot be amplified while the channel loss is exponential with the distance for photon transmission in optical fiber.

biological, economic, political and social barriers do not occur in this truth, so those kinds are unmeasured, not measured as zero.

The automation experiment · baseline scored, model not run

The automation experiment

The baseline is a word list. Whether the model beat it is resolved on recall and on the substantive negatives, never on kind accuracy, which is a ratio over the barriers found and says little at a small n.

Scores against the same truth
record set	precision	recall	kind accuracy	negatives clean	substantive negatives clean
baseline	1/4	1/9	0/1	31/31	11/11

The model layer has not run; its score against the same truth will appear here beside the baseline's.

Mistyped
record set	document	sentence	got	expected
baseline	W2473315843	nonetheless, before qkd can be widely adopted, it faces a number of important challenges such as secret key rate, distance, size, cost and practical security.	economic	physical

Every candidate sentence · 34 sentences

Every candidate sentence

What each layer kept
document	index	sentence	kept by
2237004	3	Not only do these links require careful maintenance and calibration to ensure quantum-coherence, compared to classical approaches, these systems are not portable and cannot be used for key distribution over public or unsecured channels.	truth
2237004	11	In this manner, the state of the timers cannot be reverse engineered. 2.	rejected by all
2322891	3	Yet many of the existing techniques for producing quantum light are limited by their random production of photons in time or poor rate of photon production, and, they largely operate in free space.	truth
2322891	6	This project intends to realize ‘nanoscale emitter dock’ to simultaneously overcome two outstanding challenges for quasi-atom non-classical light sources - rapid and precise integration of an emitter alongside emission enhancement (trap and enhance) at room temperature.	rejected by all
2322891	12	This manipulation (and the overall proposed device structure) is also general, and not dependent upon the properties of any emitter, solving existing heterogeneous integration challenges.	rejected by all
2322892	3	Yet many of the existing techniques for producing quantum light are limited by their random production of photons in time or poor rate of photon production, and, they largely operate in free space.	truth
2322892	6	This project intends to realize ‘nanoscale emitter dock’ to simultaneously overcome two outstanding challenges for quasi-atom non-classical light sources - rapid and precise integration of an emitter alongside emission enhancement (trap and enhance) at room temperature.	rejected by all
2322892	12	This manipulation (and the overall proposed device structure) is also general, and not dependent upon the properties of any emitter, solving existing heterogeneous integration challenges.	rejected by all
2503630	6	It also strengthens ties between universities and local industries, showing how federal investment can spark innovation, improve lives, and inspire the next generation to tackle big challenges with creative solutions.	rejected by all
2503631	6	It also strengthens ties between universities and local industries, showing how federal investment can spark innovation, improve lives, and inspire the next generation to tackle big challenges with creative solutions.	rejected by all
2522101	1	However, current quantum hardware is noisy, error-prone, and inefficient, making the reliable distribution of entanglement -- the key resource powering these applications -- a formidable challenge.	truth
2522101	11	To overcome the high computational cost of training, the framework will leverage a combination of high-fidelity simulations for validation and newly developed, efficient surrogate models for both quantum state dynamics and network-level control logic.	baseline
2522101	14	The research will explicitly address critical challenges in applying RL to quantum networks, such as state-space explosion, sparse and non-additive rewards, and the generation of deployable policies that operate with local knowledge.	baseline
2540189	6	It also strengthens ties between universities and local industries, showing how federal investment can spark innovation, improve lives, and inspire the next generation to tackle big challenges with creative solutions.	rejected by all
W1982892759	6	Despite the major advantages of FSO technology and variety of its application areas, its widespread use has been hampered by its rather disappointing link reliability particularly in long ranges due to atmospheric turbulence-induced fading and sensitivity to weather conditions.	rejected by all
W1982892759	7	In the last five years or so, there has been a surge of interest in FSO research to address these major technical challenges.	rejected by all
W1988134541	2	Recent experimental progress and remaining challenges are surveyed as are the latest developments in quantum hacking and countermeasures.	rejected by all
W1988134541	6	After briefly introducing recent experimental progress and challenges, we survey the latest developments in quantum hacking and countermeasures against it.	rejected by all
W2056086109	1	While established uncertainty relations apply to cases where the predictions are based on purely classical data (e.g., a description of the system's state before measurement), an extended relation which remains valid in the presence of quantum information has been proposed recently [Berta et al., Nature Phys. 6, 659 (2010)].	rejected by all
W2056086109	5	Our security claim remains valid even if the implemented measurement devices deviate arbitrarily from the theoretical model.	rejected by all
W2086496217	7	We conclude with a discussion of the main challenges and perspectives for employing diamond emitters in quantum information processing.	rejected by all
W2170240091	3	Another challenge is that most security proofs are very sensitive to small differences between the physical devices used by the protocol and the theoretical model used to describe them.	truth
W2214536953	0	Despite the tremendous progress of quantum cryptography, efficient quantum communication over long distances (≥ 1000 km) remains an outstanding challenge due to fiber attenuation and operation errors accumulated over the entire communication distance.	truth
W2214536953	3	Here we present the first systematic comparison of three generations of quantum repeaters by evaluating the cost of both temporal and physical resources, and identify the optimized quantum repeater architecture for a given set of experimental parameters for use in quantum key distribution.	baseline
W2473315843	1	Nonetheless, before QKD can be widely adopted, it faces a number of important challenges such as secret key rate, distance, size, cost and practical security.	truth, baseline
W2473315843	2	Here, we survey those key challenges and the approaches that are currently being taken to address them.	rejected by all
W2948602808	4	Next we consider aspects of device independence, satellite challenges, and protocols based on continuous-variable systems.	rejected by all
W2962912624	2	This central question dates back to the early 1990s when the challenge of achieving device-independent quantum key distribution was first formulated.	rejected by all
W2962912624	3	We answer this challenge by rigorously proving the device-independent security of a slight variant of Ekert's original entanglement-based protocol against the most general (coherent) attacks.	rejected by all
W3008629526	3	Next we consider aspects of device independence, satellite challenges, and highrate protocols based on continuous variable systems.	rejected by all
W3090453402	4	This article surveys previously applied methods, showing techniques for deploying QKD networks and current challenges of QKD networking.	rejected by all
W4288052074	3	The realization of DIQKD, however, is extremely challenging—mainly because it is difficult to establish high-quality entangled states between two remote locations with high detection efficiency.	truth
W4378214526	1	With its security being protected by principles of quantum mechanics, some technology challenges remain towards practical application of QKD.	rejected by all
W4378214526	2	The major one is the distance limit, which is caused by the fact that a quantum signal cannot be amplified while the channel loss is exponential with the distance for photon transmission in optical fiber.	truth

Method · 11 settings

Method

selection rule: every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped
required term: none: rule bodies were narrowed by the markers alone
note on the required term: no term was required: every barrier document was drawn for its own product's research or funding terms, and abstracts and award texts are never narrowed; no Federal Register rule was drawn into the barrier sample
barriers_openalex: for each sampled product, the 10 most-cited works naming its research terms in each of 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2020-2025, restricted to works carrying an abstract; text is the inverted index put back into reading order; a document already read for another product is read once, for the first
barriers_nsf: for each sampled product, the 10 most recent awards for its funding terms, singular and plural, over 2000-2025, newest by award date then id; text is the award's abstract; an award already read for another product is read once, for the first, so quantum networks and quantum sensing hold 9, and faster-than-light messaging holds none because no award matches its terms
barriers_federal_register: none drawn: the barrier sample follows chain two's rule, works and awards; each product's rules are counted by its regulation stage
relevance: the 20 most recent works for the root's research terms, and the 20 most recent awards for its funding terms, labelled about or not about from the document's title and text; 3 of the 20 root awards are also barrier documents, read for their products
relevance_fiction: 20 works of the fiction walk for the catalogue headings interstellar travel and teleportation, every k-th by key from the first, a pick with no year replaced by the next dated work; text is the work's own description and subjects; published is 1 January of the catalogue's year; labelled about (a work of fiction in which travel or messaging faster than light, or teleportation, appears on the record) and dated as chain two's were
relevance_clinical_trials: none: ClinicalTrials.gov holds no study for the root's testing terms
gate: Corpus.as_of(2025-12-31) at sample-build time; this run re-gates every document through the same cutoff
truth method: docs/atlas-truth-method-quantum-entanglement.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 30/34 (kappa 0.74) for quantum key distribution, 16/17 (0.88) for quantum networks, 20/24 (0.52) for quantum teleportation, 27/29 (0.79) for quantum computing, 19/21 (0.70) for quantum sensing, 27/30 (0.52) for post-quantum cryptography and 16/16 (1.00) for faster-than-light messaging; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there

Quantum networks

What was searched · 4 of 5 stages measured

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only, under the catalogue's headings for interstellar travel and teleportation: the catalogue has no heading for faster-than-light messaging, and the fiction its science promised is faster-than-light messaging and teleportation
research: quantum network, quantum networks, quantum internet
funding: quantum network, quantum networks, quantum internet
testing: quantum network, quantum networks, quantum internet
regulation: quantum network, quantum networks, quantum internet

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 31.8-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 6 · Quantum networks: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only, under the catalogue's headings for interstellar travel and teleportation: the catalogue has no heading for faster-than-light messaging, and the fiction its science promised is faster-than-light messaging and teleportation
funding: 228 awards in 2000–2025
testing: 0 studies registered in 2000–2025
regulation: 1 final rules, 2 proposed, in 2000–2025

Citations · 4 edges measured on this literature

Fig. 7 · edges measured on the literature of Quantum networks
edge	variant	share	reach	works citing the cited set (of works with references)	coverage (works with references / works)	references (into the cited set / all)	cited works	overlap
barcode scanner (negative control) to Quantum networks	overlap kept	0.00	0.00	0/6,764	6,764/10,212	0/303,389	920	0 removed from the cited side
barcode scanner (negative control) to Quantum networks	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.00	0.00	0/6,764	6,764/10,212	0/303,389	920	0 dropped from the citing side
Quantum entanglement to Quantum networks	overlap kept	0.07	0.65	4,392/6,764	6,764/10,212	20,805/303,389	29,085	1,665 removed from the cited side
Quantum entanglement to Quantum networks	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.08	0.71	3,985/5,625	5,625/8,547	20,947/250,002	30,750	1,665 dropped from the citing side

Score · weak · 0.37

Each bar is one component of the score, 0 to 1; the barrier penalty is taken off and drawn to the left. The score is the mean of the determined components, less the penalty.

On growth it sits 0.27 of the way from smoke detector to large language model; hand-checked barriers cost it 0.30.

How the score was worked · 5 components

growth: 0.27
dependency: 0.65
precedence: 1.00
stages: 0.75
barriers: -0.30

growth: 0.27 on a log scale where the mature control sits at 0 (3.0x) and the boom control at 1 (16,491x); smoothed growth 31.8x against the index's 2.6x
dependency: 0.65 of the product's works with recorded references cite at least one root work (reference coverage 0.66 of 10,212 works; 20,805 of 303,389 references land in the root's 29,085 works)
precedence: the root crossed a tenth of its peak in 2002, before the product in 2013
stages: 3 of 4 measured stages show signal (research 10,219, funding 228, regulation 3; testing 0)
barriers: 7 physical on 7 distinct sentences of 7 recorded; component -0.30
score: 0.37 = mean of 4 determined components (0.67) with the barrier penalty (-0.30); labelled weak

Barriers · 7 found in 34 documents read

34 documents were read for barriers; 14 of them yielded a candidate sentence, 17 candidate sentences in all. 7 hand-checked barriers were found in 6 of those documents. The other 28 documents are negatives: 8 substantive, with candidates and none of them a barrier, and 20 trivial, with no candidate at all.

Hand-checked barriers

NSF 2514835 · 2025-08-21physical

However, sharing entanglement across many locations remains a major challenge.

NSF 2514835 · 2025-08-21physical

Technically, this project addresses a long-standing challenge in entanglement distribution: the mismatch between the broad spectral bandwidth of practical entangled photon sources and the narrow bandwidth of most quantum memories.

NSF 2514938 · 2025-08-19physical

However, building larger systems of such qubits remains a major challenge, primarily because magnetic interactions between them are extremely short-ranged.

OpenAlex W2593457918 · 2014-05-29physical

Realizing robust quantum information transfer between long-lived qubit registers is a key challenge for quantum information science and technology.

OpenAlex W2769928943 · 2017-11-29physical

Despite this, the longest coherence time associated with its electronic spin achieved to date (∼250 ns) has been limited by coupling to acoustic phonons.

OpenAlex W2959720248 · 2020-03-04physical

The aim of this manuscript is to shed light on this key concept, with the objective of allowing the reader: i) to appreciate the fundamental differences between the transmission of classical information versus the teleportation of quantum information; ii) to understand the communications functionalities underlying quantum teleportation, and to grasp the challenges in the design and practical employment of these functionalities; iii) to acknowledge that quantum information is subject to the deleterious effects of a noise process termed as quantum decoherence.

OpenAlex W4396918865 · 2024-05-15physical

Abstract A key challenge in realizing practical quantum networks for long-distance quantum communication involves robust entanglement between quantum memory nodes connected by fibre optical infrastructure1–3.

biological, economic, political and social barriers do not occur in this truth, so those kinds are unmeasured, not measured as zero.

The automation experiment · baseline scored, model not run

The automation experiment

Scores against the same truth
record set	precision	recall	kind accuracy	negatives clean	substantive negatives clean
baseline	0/2	0/7	0/0	26/28	6/8

The model layer has not run; its score against the same truth will appear here beside the baseline's.

Negatives that received a barrier: baseline: 2507504, 2534232.

Every candidate sentence · 17 sentences

Every candidate sentence

What each layer kept
document	index	sentence	kept by
2507504	2	The proposed entangled photon device offers over 70-fold improvement in efficiency compared to current technologies, reducing system cost while accelerating the transition toward quantum advantage.	baseline
2514835	2	However, sharing entanglement across many locations remains a major challenge.	truth
2514835	5	By addressing a key barrier to building large-scale quantum systems, this work will help advance the progress of science and open new possibilities for future technologies.	rejected by all
2514835	7	Technically, this project addresses a long-standing challenge in entanglement distribution: the mismatch between the broad spectral bandwidth of practical entangled photon sources and the narrow bandwidth of most quantum memories.	truth
2514938	2	However, building larger systems of such qubits remains a major challenge, primarily because magnetic interactions between them are extremely short-ranged.	truth
2531365	7	SCY-QNet targets three key scientific challenges essential to scalable quantum networking: 1.	rejected by all
2534232	1	Planning activities will encompass stakeholder convenings, identifying technical barriers and potential solutions, engaging startups and industry partners, and concurrent economic and workforce development activities.	baseline
W2030119075	4	Furthermore, our demonstration establishes the feasibility of controlled two-photon interference in a real-world environment and thereby removes a remaining obstacle to realizing future applications of quantum communication, such as quantum repeaters and, more generally, quantum networks.	rejected by all
W2593457918	0	Realizing robust quantum information transfer between long-lived qubit registers is a key challenge for quantum information science and technology.	truth
W2769928943	2	Despite this, the longest coherence time associated with its electronic spin achieved to date (∼250 ns) has been limited by coupling to acoustic phonons.	truth
W2896792097	6	The goal of this work is to shed light on the challenges and open problems of Quantum Internet design.	rejected by all
W2896792097	9	Finally, the key research challenges to design quantum communication networks are discussed.	rejected by all
W2959720248	4	The aim of this manuscript is to shed light on this key concept, with the objective of allowing the reader: i) to appreciate the fundamental differences between the transmission of classical information versus the teleportation of quantum information; ii) to understand the communications functionalities underlying quantum teleportation, and to grasp the challenges in the design and practical employment of these functionalities; iii) to acknowledge that quantum information is subject to the deleterious effects of a noise process termed as quantum decoherence.	truth
W2995897104	0	Just as "classical" information technology rests on a foundation built of interconnected informationprocessing systems, quantum information technology (QIT) must do the same.A critical component of such systems is the "interconnect," a device or process that allows transfer of information between disparate physical media, for example, semiconductor electronics, individual atoms, light pulses in optical fiber, or microwave fields.While interconnects have been well engineered for decades in the realm of classical information technology, quantum interconnects (QuICs) present special challenges, as they must allow the transfer of fragile quantum states between different physical parts or degrees of freedom of the system.The diversity of QIT platforms (superconducting, atomic, solid-state color center, optical, etc.) that will form a "quantum internet" poses additional challenges.As quantum systems scale to larger size, the quantum interconnect bottleneck is imminent, and is emerging as a grand challenge for QIT.For these reasons, it is the position of the community represented by participants of the NSF workshop on "Quantum Interconnects" that accelerating QuIC research is crucial for sustained development of a national quantum science and technology program.Given the diversity of QIT platforms, materials used, applications, and infrastructure required, a convergent research program including partnership between academia, industry, and national laboratories is required.	rejected by all
W3008709580	6	Finally, the efforts in the integration of these color centers in photonics devices and their fabrication challenges are described.	rejected by all
W4389990376	1	However, numerous challenges must be overcome before this vision becomes a reality.	rejected by all
W4396918865	0	Abstract A key challenge in realizing practical quantum networks for long-distance quantum communication involves robust entanglement between quantum memory nodes connected by fibre optical infrastructure1–3.	truth

Method · 11 settings

Method

selection rule: every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped
required term: none: rule bodies were narrowed by the markers alone
note on the required term: no term was required: every barrier document was drawn for its own product's research or funding terms, and abstracts and award texts are never narrowed; no Federal Register rule was drawn into the barrier sample
barriers_openalex: for each sampled product, the 10 most-cited works naming its research terms in each of 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2020-2025, restricted to works carrying an abstract; text is the inverted index put back into reading order; a document already read for another product is read once, for the first
barriers_nsf: for each sampled product, the 10 most recent awards for its funding terms, singular and plural, over 2000-2025, newest by award date then id; text is the award's abstract; an award already read for another product is read once, for the first, so quantum networks and quantum sensing hold 9, and faster-than-light messaging holds none because no award matches its terms
barriers_federal_register: none drawn: the barrier sample follows chain two's rule, works and awards; each product's rules are counted by its regulation stage
relevance: the 20 most recent works for the root's research terms, and the 20 most recent awards for its funding terms, labelled about or not about from the document's title and text; 3 of the 20 root awards are also barrier documents, read for their products
relevance_fiction: 20 works of the fiction walk for the catalogue headings interstellar travel and teleportation, every k-th by key from the first, a pick with no year replaced by the next dated work; text is the work's own description and subjects; published is 1 January of the catalogue's year; labelled about (a work of fiction in which travel or messaging faster than light, or teleportation, appears on the record) and dated as chain two's were
relevance_clinical_trials: none: ClinicalTrials.gov holds no study for the root's testing terms
gate: Corpus.as_of(2025-12-31) at sample-build time; this run re-gates every document through the same cutoff
truth method: docs/atlas-truth-method-quantum-entanglement.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 30/34 (kappa 0.74) for quantum key distribution, 16/17 (0.88) for quantum networks, 20/24 (0.52) for quantum teleportation, 27/29 (0.79) for quantum computing, 19/21 (0.70) for quantum sensing, 27/30 (0.52) for post-quantum cryptography and 16/16 (1.00) for faster-than-light messaging; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there

Quantum teleportation

What was searched · 4 of 5 stages measured

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only, under the catalogue's headings for interstellar travel and teleportation: the catalogue has no heading for faster-than-light messaging, and the fiction its science promised is faster-than-light messaging and teleportation
research: quantum teleportation
funding: quantum teleportation
testing: quantum teleportation
regulation: quantum teleportation

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 3.3-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 8 · Quantum teleportation: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only, under the catalogue's headings for interstellar travel and teleportation: the catalogue has no heading for faster-than-light messaging, and the fiction its science promised is faster-than-light messaging and teleportation
funding: 28 awards in 2000–2025
testing: 0 studies registered in 2000–2025
regulation: 0 final rules, 0 proposed, in 2000–2025

Citations · 4 edges measured on this literature

Fig. 9 · edges measured on the literature of Quantum teleportation
edge	variant	share	reach	works citing the cited set (of works with references)	coverage (works with references / works)	references (into the cited set / all)	cited works	overlap
barcode scanner (negative control) to Quantum teleportation	overlap kept	0.00	0.00	0/3,043	3,043/4,539	0/114,006	920	0 removed from the cited side
barcode scanner (negative control) to Quantum teleportation	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.00	0.00	0/3,043	3,043/4,539	0/114,006	920	0 dropped from the citing side
Quantum entanglement to Quantum teleportation	overlap kept	0.08	0.71	2,162/3,043	3,043/4,539	9,351/114,006	29,705	1,045 removed from the cited side
Quantum entanglement to Quantum teleportation	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.10	0.76	1,775/2,335	2,335/3,494	8,978/86,561	30,750	1,045 dropped from the citing side

Score · weak · 0.11

Each bar is one component of the score, 0 to 1; the barrier penalty is taken off and drawn to the left. The score is the mean of the determined components, less the penalty.

On growth it sits 0.01 of the way from smoke detector to large language model; hand-checked barriers cost it 0.30.

How the score was worked · 5 components

growth: 0.01
dependency: 0.71
precedence: undetermined
stages: 0.50
barriers: -0.30

growth: 0.01 on a log scale where the mature control sits at 0 (3.0x) and the boom control at 1 (16,491x); smoothed growth 3.3x against the index's 2.6x
dependency: 0.71 of the product's works with recorded references cite at least one root work (reference coverage 0.67 of 4,539 works; 9,351 of 114,006 references land in the root's 29,705 works)
precedence: undetermined at this window (the product crossed a tenth of its peak in 2000, the window's first year)
stages: 2 of 4 measured stages show signal (research 4,541, funding 28; testing 0, regulation 0)
barriers: 4 physical on 4 distinct sentences of 4 recorded; component -0.30
score: 0.11 = mean of 3 determined components (0.41), precedence undetermined, with the barrier penalty (-0.30); labelled weak

Barriers · 4 found in 36 documents read

36 documents were read for barriers; 16 of them yielded a candidate sentence, 24 candidate sentences in all. 4 hand-checked barriers were found in 4 of those documents. The other 32 documents are negatives: 12 substantive, with candidates and none of them a barrier, and 20 trivial, with no candidate at all.

Hand-checked barriers

NSF 2330974 · 2024-01-17physical

Another concern is the lack of programming models for quantum, and hybrid quantum-classical, computing systems.

OpenAlex W2057278205 · 2015-01-15physical

Unfortunately, transmission of such signals is most often limited by losses in the channel, the same issue that affects classical communication.

OpenAlex W3127837139 · 2021-02-10physical

Whereas quantum sensing has been established and a large number of organizations are working on new developments in this area, a quantum computer itself remains elusive due to technical reasons and limitations of the available materials.

OpenAlex W3134896547 · 2021-03-03physical

However, the heat generated by thermally reconfigurable photonics is incompatible with heat-sensitive superconducting single-photon detectors, and thus their on-chip co-integration remains elusive.

biological, economic, political and social barriers do not occur in this truth, so those kinds are unmeasured, not measured as zero.

The automation experiment · baseline scored, model not run

The automation experiment

Scores against the same truth
record set	precision	recall	kind accuracy	negatives clean	substantive negatives clean
baseline	1/6	1/4	1/1	27/32	7/12

The model layer has not run; its score against the same truth will appear here beside the baseline's.

Negatives that received a barrier: baseline: 1909310, 2105583, W2171554398, W3043056284, W4384277454.

Every candidate sentence · 24 sentences

Every candidate sentence

What each layer kept
document	index	sentence	kept by
1753054	18	Recently, giant nonlinear optical processes such as second and third harmonic generation were discovered in two-dimensional crystals and topological materials, which challenges the current understanding and requires fundamental investigation at the microscopic level.	rejected by all
1909310	4	But due to the expensive nature of quantum experiments, it is important to seek highly efficient strategies for estimating the unknown state, ones that use as few samples as possible.	baseline
1936321	2	Unfortunately, it is much more difficult to do this for visible wavelengths.	rejected by all
2105583	11	The major broader impact goals are: 1) to enhance training of graduate students in quantum information at the University of Houston; 2) to improve educational opportunities in STEM for students in local middle-schools in the economically challenged neighborhoods; 3) to increase public education in STEM and quantum information science.	baseline
2216201	13	This instrument will then operate as a shared user facility within the Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, an NSF Quantum Leap Challenge Institute, and will allow experimental investigations of quantum teleportation, quantum error correction, cluster-state generation, interactive quantum dynamics, and quantum-state preparation.	rejected by all
2316713	0	Quantum computers promise to solve many difficult computational tasks that strain the abilities of ordinary (classical) computers, especially in simulating quantum-mechanical systems and finding optimal solutions to a variety of mathematical problems.	rejected by all
2316713	1	However, building large-scale quantum computers requires overcoming the challenge of decoherence, or quantum noise.	rejected by all
2316713	10	Such a scheme cannot be fully fault-tolerant, but it can be weakly fault-tolerant, able to detect any single fault by a final (or intermediate) measurement and post-select on no error being detected.	rejected by all
2330974	2	Also, quantum messages cannot be copied, meaning that message delivery in quantum communication systems can be much more secure than in traditional data-communications systems.	rejected by all
2330974	6	Another concern is the lack of programming models for quantum, and hybrid quantum-classical, computing systems.	truth
W2057278205	1	Unfortunately, transmission of such signals is most often limited by losses in the channel, the same issue that affects classical communication.	truth
W2057278205	6	In this review, we will detail various approaches to quantum repeaters, and discuss their expected performance and limitations.	rejected by all
W2171554398	2	As by-products, some entanglement measures (namely entanglement cost, entanglement of formation, relative entropy of entanglement, squashed entanglement, classical squashed entanglement, conditional entanglement of mutual information, and broadcast regularization of mutual information) and constrained Holevo capacity are NP-hard/NP-complete to compute.	baseline
W2517332908	2	However, it cannot be used to violate causality.	rejected by all
W2990961515	0	One of the most cited books in physics of all time, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information remains the best textbook in this exciting field of science.	rejected by all
W3043056284	8	Finally, future developments and challenges in this field are presented.	rejected by all
W3043056284	49	The study of luminescent radicals and corresponding devices have attracted much attention due to their low synthetic cost, short fluorescence life (nanosecond scale),and potential advantage in deep-red and near-infrared (NIR) emissions due to the natural narrow band gap.	baseline
W3043056284	55	Finally, future developments and challenges in this field would be indicated.	rejected by all
W3127837139	3	Whereas quantum sensing has been established and a large number of organizations are working on new developments in this area, a quantum computer itself remains elusive due to technical reasons and limitations of the available materials.	truth
W3127837139	5	A number of ideas have been proposed to overcome the above-mentioned limitations.	rejected by all
W3134896547	3	However, the heat generated by thermally reconfigurable photonics is incompatible with heat-sensitive superconducting single-photon detectors, and thus their on-chip co-integration remains elusive.	truth, baseline
W32507011	0	One of the most cited books in physics of all time, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information remains the best textbook in this exciting field of science.	rejected by all
W4384277454	0	Recent years have witnessed significant progress in quantum communication and quantum internet with the emerging quantum photonic chips, whose characteristics of scalability, stability, and low cost, flourish and open up new possibilities in miniaturized footprints.	baseline
W4384277454	3	Finally, the review culminates with a perspective on challenges towards high-performance chip-based quantum communication, as well as a glimpse into future opportunities for integrated quantum networks.	rejected by all

Method · 11 settings

Method

selection rule: every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped
required term: none: rule bodies were narrowed by the markers alone
note on the required term: no term was required: every barrier document was drawn for its own product's research or funding terms, and abstracts and award texts are never narrowed; no Federal Register rule was drawn into the barrier sample
barriers_openalex: for each sampled product, the 10 most-cited works naming its research terms in each of 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2020-2025, restricted to works carrying an abstract; text is the inverted index put back into reading order; a document already read for another product is read once, for the first
barriers_nsf: for each sampled product, the 10 most recent awards for its funding terms, singular and plural, over 2000-2025, newest by award date then id; text is the award's abstract; an award already read for another product is read once, for the first, so quantum networks and quantum sensing hold 9, and faster-than-light messaging holds none because no award matches its terms
barriers_federal_register: none drawn: the barrier sample follows chain two's rule, works and awards; each product's rules are counted by its regulation stage
relevance: the 20 most recent works for the root's research terms, and the 20 most recent awards for its funding terms, labelled about or not about from the document's title and text; 3 of the 20 root awards are also barrier documents, read for their products
relevance_fiction: 20 works of the fiction walk for the catalogue headings interstellar travel and teleportation, every k-th by key from the first, a pick with no year replaced by the next dated work; text is the work's own description and subjects; published is 1 January of the catalogue's year; labelled about (a work of fiction in which travel or messaging faster than light, or teleportation, appears on the record) and dated as chain two's were
relevance_clinical_trials: none: ClinicalTrials.gov holds no study for the root's testing terms
gate: Corpus.as_of(2025-12-31) at sample-build time; this run re-gates every document through the same cutoff
truth method: docs/atlas-truth-method-quantum-entanglement.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 30/34 (kappa 0.74) for quantum key distribution, 16/17 (0.88) for quantum networks, 20/24 (0.52) for quantum teleportation, 27/29 (0.79) for quantum computing, 19/21 (0.70) for quantum sensing, 27/30 (0.52) for post-quantum cryptography and 16/16 (1.00) for faster-than-light messaging; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there

Quantum computing

What was searched · 4 of 5 stages measured

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only, under the catalogue's headings for interstellar travel and teleportation: the catalogue has no heading for faster-than-light messaging, and the fiction its science promised is faster-than-light messaging and teleportation
research: quantum computing, quantum computer, quantum computers
funding: quantum computing, quantum computer, quantum computers
testing: quantum computing, quantum computer, quantum computers
regulation: quantum computing, quantum computer, quantum computers

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 13.9-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 10 · Quantum computing: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only, under the catalogue's headings for interstellar travel and teleportation: the catalogue has no heading for faster-than-light messaging, and the fiction its science promised is faster-than-light messaging and teleportation
funding: 2,572 awards in 2000–2025
testing: 0 studies registered in 2000–2025
regulation: 17 final rules, 10 proposed, in 2000–2025

Citations · 4 edges measured on this literature

Fig. 11 · edges measured on the literature of Quantum computing
edge	variant	share	reach	works citing the cited set (of works with references)	coverage (works with references / works)	references (into the cited set / all)	cited works	overlap
barcode scanner (negative control) to Quantum computing	overlap kept	<0.001	<0.001	1/41,174	41,174/68,555	1/1,673,258	920	0 removed from the cited side
barcode scanner (negative control) to Quantum computing	overlap dropped from the citing side	<0.001	<0.001	1/41,174	41,174/68,555	1/1,673,258	920	0 dropped from the citing side
Quantum entanglement to Quantum computing	overlap kept	0.02	0.25	10,352/41,174	41,174/68,555	29,360/1,673,258	28,659	2,091 removed from the cited side
Quantum entanglement to Quantum computing	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.02	0.30	11,769/39,890	39,890/66,464	33,377/1,618,711	30,750	2,091 dropped from the citing side

Score · weak · 0.24

Each bar is one component of the score, 0 to 1; the barrier penalty is taken off and drawn to the left. The score is the mean of the determined components, less the penalty.

On growth it sits 0.18 of the way from smoke detector to large language model; hand-checked barriers cost it 0.30.

How the score was worked · 5 components

growth: 0.18
dependency: 0.25
precedence: 1.00
stages: 0.75
barriers: -0.30

growth: 0.18 on a log scale where the mature control sits at 0 (3.0x) and the boom control at 1 (16,491x); smoothed growth 13.9x against the index's 2.6x
dependency: 0.25 of the product's works with recorded references cite at least one root work (reference coverage 0.60 of 68,555 works; 29,360 of 1,673,258 references land in the root's 28,659 works)
precedence: the root crossed a tenth of its peak in 2002, before the product in 2017
stages: 3 of 4 measured stages show signal (research 69,054, funding 2,572, regulation 27; testing 0)
barriers: 5 physical on 5 distinct sentences of 6 recorded; component -0.30
score: 0.24 = mean of 4 determined components (0.54) with the barrier penalty (-0.30); labelled weak

Barriers · 6 found in 36 documents read

36 documents were read for barriers; 21 of them yielded a candidate sentence, 29 candidate sentences in all. 6 hand-checked barriers were found in 5 of those documents. The other 31 documents are negatives: 16 substantive, with candidates and none of them a barrier, and 15 trivial, with no candidate at all.

Hand-checked barriers

NSF 2548888 · 2025-12-01physical

Furthermore, since quantum computing has a fundamentally different computing scheme, which relies on superposition and entanglement, the traditional EDA techniques cannot be directly applied to quantum circuits.

OpenAlex W2982169647 · 2019-10-23physical

A fundamental challenge is to build a high-fidelity processor capable of running quantum algorithms in an exponentially large computational space.

OpenAlex W3101479050 · 2019-01-01physical

A fundamental challenge is to build a high-fidelity processor capable of running quantum algorithms in an exponentially large computational space.

OpenAlex W4380627387 · 2023-06-14physical

The widely accepted solution to this challenge is the implementation of fault-tolerant quantum circuits, which is out of reach for current processors.

OpenAlex W4389373471 · 2023-12-06physical

Abstract Suppressing errors is the central challenge for useful quantum computing 1 , requiring quantum error correction (QEC) 2–6 for large-scale processing.

OpenAlex W4389373471 · 2023-12-06physical

However, the overhead in the realization of error-corrected ‘logical’ qubits, in which information is encoded across many physical qubits for redundancy 2–4 , poses substantial challenges to large-scale logical quantum computing.

biological, economic, political and social barriers do not occur in this truth, so those kinds are unmeasured, not measured as zero.

The automation experiment · baseline scored, model not run

The automation experiment

Scores against the same truth
record set	precision	recall	kind accuracy	negatives clean	substantive negatives clean
baseline	1/8	1/6	0/1	25/31	10/16

The model layer has not run; its score against the same truth will appear here beside the baseline's.

Mistyped
record set	document	sentence	got	expected
baseline	W4380627387	the widely accepted solution to this challenge is the implementation of fault-tolerant quantum circuits, which is out of reach for current processors.	social	physical

Negatives that received a barrier: baseline: 2422832, 2552622, W2015811642, W3136233239, W3173899054, W4321610982.

Every candidate sentence · 29 sentences

Every candidate sentence

What each layer kept
document	index	sentence	kept by
2422832	9	IPAM promotes the progress of science by stimulating the mathematical developments that are needed for this progress; advances the national health, prosperity, and welfare through programs that address current scientific and societal challenges.	baseline
2534285	6	The project benefits other open-source software projects facing similar challenges, and will be of particular use to other projects with limited resources.	rejected by all
2542086	12	A key objective is to lower the barriers that students often face when entering theoretical physics.	rejected by all
2542086	16	The main challenge is to identify the microscopic mechanisms responsible for pairing in these regimes.	rejected by all
2542086	27	A key objective is to lower the barriers that students often face when entering theoretical physics.	rejected by all
2542485	2	Each electron carries one unit of electric charge and cannot be split.	rejected by all
2542485	18	The promise of such applications is hindered by the extreme difficulty of solving the many-body problem in moiré materials, as the quasi-long-range interactions and large number of fermion flavors place put them into an extremely difficult regime with intricate phase competition.	rejected by all
2548888	3	Furthermore, since quantum computing has a fundamentally different computing scheme, which relies on superposition and entanglement, the traditional EDA techniques cannot be directly applied to quantum circuits.	truth
2552622	4	Held in Washington D.C., the conference will bring together federal agencies, quantum developers, and commercial end users to explore strategies for identifying science and technology barriers faced by industry and methods for engaging government and government-funded researchers to accelerate innovation.	baseline
2601606	2	In fact, most branches of science and engineering rely heavily on MC simulations for solving difficult problems, from modeling traffic flow to predicting weather patterns; in the rapidly emerging fields of machine learning and quantum computing, MC methods are essential.	rejected by all
W1993292204	0	We give new evidence that quantum computers -- moreover, rudimentary quantum computers built entirely out of linear-optical elements -- cannot be efficiently simulated by classical computers.	rejected by all
W2015811642	3	Ideas range from running computationally costly algorithms or their subroutines efficiently on a quantum computer to the translation of stochastic methods into the language of quantum theory.	baseline
W2036595722	5	A principle, which is incredibly important to quantum information science, is the no-cloning theorem, which says quantum states cannot be directly copied.	rejected by all
W2161685427	1	For quantum systems, where the physical dimension grows exponentially, finding the eigenvalues of certain operators is one such intractable problem and remains a fundamental challenge.	rejected by all
W2906538035	0	Practical challenges in simulating quantum systems on classical computers have been widely recognized in the quantum physics and quantum chemistry communities over the past century.	rejected by all
W2906538035	1	Although many approximation methods have been introduced, the complexity of quantum mechanics remains hard to appease.	rejected by all
W2949253647	2	We review the state of the field, covering the basics of how trapped ions are used for QC and their strengths and limitations as qubits.	rejected by all
W2982169647	1	A fundamental challenge is to build a high-fidelity processor capable of running quantum algorithms in an exponentially large computational space.	truth
W3037443854	0	Simulating quantum mechanics is known to be a difficult computational problem, especially when dealing with large systems.	rejected by all
W3037443854	1	However, this difficulty may be overcome by using some controllable quantum system to study another less controllable or accessible quantum system, i.e., quantum simulation.	rejected by all
W3037443854	5	This review outlines the main theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum simulation and emphasizes some of the challenges and promises of this fast-growing field.	rejected by all
W3101479050	1	A fundamental challenge is to build a high-fidelity processor capable of running quantum algorithms in an exponentially large computational space.	truth
W3136233239	0	Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) optimize the parameters θ of a parametrized quantum circuit V(θ) to minimize a cost function C.	baseline
W3136233239	4	Hence, several VQAs in the literature must revise their proposed costs.	baseline
W3173899054	3	The computational cost of the classical simulation of this task is estimated to be 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than the previous work on 53-qubit Sycamore processor [Nature 574, 505 (2019)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/s41586-019-1666-5.	baseline
W4321610982	6	We accurately model our experiment, extracting error budgets that highlight the biggest challenges for future systems.	baseline
W4380627387	2	The widely accepted solution to this challenge is the implementation of fault-tolerant quantum circuits, which is out of reach for current processors.	truth, baseline
W4389373471	0	Abstract Suppressing errors is the central challenge for useful quantum computing 1 , requiring quantum error correction (QEC) 2–6 for large-scale processing.	truth
W4389373471	1	However, the overhead in the realization of error-corrected ‘logical’ qubits, in which information is encoded across many physical qubits for redundancy 2–4 , poses substantial challenges to large-scale logical quantum computing.	truth

Method · 11 settings

Method

selection rule: every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped
required term: none: rule bodies were narrowed by the markers alone
note on the required term: no term was required: every barrier document was drawn for its own product's research or funding terms, and abstracts and award texts are never narrowed; no Federal Register rule was drawn into the barrier sample
barriers_openalex: for each sampled product, the 10 most-cited works naming its research terms in each of 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2020-2025, restricted to works carrying an abstract; text is the inverted index put back into reading order; a document already read for another product is read once, for the first
barriers_nsf: for each sampled product, the 10 most recent awards for its funding terms, singular and plural, over 2000-2025, newest by award date then id; text is the award's abstract; an award already read for another product is read once, for the first, so quantum networks and quantum sensing hold 9, and faster-than-light messaging holds none because no award matches its terms
barriers_federal_register: none drawn: the barrier sample follows chain two's rule, works and awards; each product's rules are counted by its regulation stage
relevance: the 20 most recent works for the root's research terms, and the 20 most recent awards for its funding terms, labelled about or not about from the document's title and text; 3 of the 20 root awards are also barrier documents, read for their products
relevance_fiction: 20 works of the fiction walk for the catalogue headings interstellar travel and teleportation, every k-th by key from the first, a pick with no year replaced by the next dated work; text is the work's own description and subjects; published is 1 January of the catalogue's year; labelled about (a work of fiction in which travel or messaging faster than light, or teleportation, appears on the record) and dated as chain two's were
relevance_clinical_trials: none: ClinicalTrials.gov holds no study for the root's testing terms
gate: Corpus.as_of(2025-12-31) at sample-build time; this run re-gates every document through the same cutoff
truth method: docs/atlas-truth-method-quantum-entanglement.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 30/34 (kappa 0.74) for quantum key distribution, 16/17 (0.88) for quantum networks, 20/24 (0.52) for quantum teleportation, 27/29 (0.79) for quantum computing, 19/21 (0.70) for quantum sensing, 27/30 (0.52) for post-quantum cryptography and 16/16 (1.00) for faster-than-light messaging; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there

Quantum sensing

What was searched · 4 of 5 stages measured

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only, under the catalogue's headings for interstellar travel and teleportation: the catalogue has no heading for faster-than-light messaging, and the fiction its science promised is faster-than-light messaging and teleportation
research: quantum sensing, quantum sensor, quantum sensors, quantum metrology
funding: quantum sensing, quantum sensor, quantum sensors, quantum metrology
testing: quantum sensing, quantum sensor, quantum sensors, quantum metrology
regulation: quantum sensing, quantum sensor, quantum sensors, quantum metrology

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 87.2-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 12 · Quantum sensing: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only, under the catalogue's headings for interstellar travel and teleportation: the catalogue has no heading for faster-than-light messaging, and the fiction its science promised is faster-than-light messaging and teleportation
funding: 417 awards in 2000–2025
testing: 1 studies registered in 2000–2025
regulation: 1 final rules, 3 proposed, in 2000–2025

Citations · 4 edges measured on this literature

Fig. 13 · edges measured on the literature of Quantum sensing
edge	variant	share	reach	works citing the cited set (of works with references)	coverage (works with references / works)	references (into the cited set / all)	cited works	overlap
barcode scanner (negative control) to Quantum sensing	overlap kept	0.00	0.00	0/6,895	6,895/11,311	0/380,482	920	0 removed from the cited side
barcode scanner (negative control) to Quantum sensing	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.00	0.00	0/6,895	6,895/11,311	0/380,482	920	0 dropped from the citing side
Quantum entanglement to Quantum sensing	overlap kept	0.04	0.50	3,449/6,895	6,895/11,311	15,260/380,482	29,963	787 removed from the cited side
Quantum entanglement to Quantum sensing	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.05	0.57	3,660/6,398	6,398/10,524	16,289/351,385	30,750	787 dropped from the citing side

Score · moderate · 0.42

Each bar is one component of the score, 0 to 1; the barrier penalty is taken off and drawn to the left. The score is the mean of the determined components, less the penalty.

On growth it sits 0.39 of the way from smoke detector to large language model; hand-checked barriers cost it 0.30.

How the score was worked · 5 components

growth: 0.39
dependency: 0.50
precedence: 1.00
stages: 1.00
barriers: -0.30

growth: 0.39 on a log scale where the mature control sits at 0 (3.0x) and the boom control at 1 (16,491x); smoothed growth 87.2x against the index's 2.6x
dependency: 0.50 of the product's works with recorded references cite at least one root work (reference coverage 0.61 of 11,311 works; 15,260 of 380,482 references land in the root's 29,963 works)
precedence: the root crossed a tenth of its peak in 2002, before the product in 2016
stages: 4 of 4 measured stages show signal (research 11,328, funding 417, testing 1, regulation 4)
barriers: 3 physical on 3 distinct sentences of 3 recorded; component -0.30
score: 0.42 = mean of 4 determined components (0.72) with the barrier penalty (-0.30); labelled moderate

Barriers · 3 found in 36 documents read

36 documents were read for barriers; 13 of them yielded a candidate sentence, 21 candidate sentences in all. 3 hand-checked barriers were found in 3 of those documents. The other 33 documents are negatives: 10 substantive, with candidates and none of them a barrier, and 23 trivial, with no candidate at all.

Hand-checked barriers

NSF 2410650 · 2025-12-31physical

Such interactions are central to many technologies in quantum sensing and quantum information but are difficult to tune in real materials.

NSF 2443398 · 2025-08-26physical

The adverse effects such as decoherence and noise arising from this interaction pose a major obstacle to advancing quantum technologies.

NSF 2537094 · 2025-09-15physical

However, a key challenge has been measuring single spins in molecules, where quantum features are most apparent.

biological, economic, political and social barriers do not occur in this truth, so those kinds are unmeasured, not measured as zero.

The automation experiment · baseline scored, model not run

The automation experiment

Scores against the same truth
record set	precision	recall	kind accuracy	negatives clean	substantive negatives clean
baseline	0/3	0/3	0/0	30/33	7/10

The model layer has not run; its score against the same truth will appear here beside the baseline's.

Negatives that received a barrier: baseline: 2522798, W2581653246, W413523879.

Every candidate sentence · 21 sentences

Every candidate sentence

What each layer kept
document	index	sentence	kept by
2410650	4	Because of its exceptional properties, electrons on helium provide a ideal platform for exploring collective quantum behavior that is difficult or impossible to study in conventional materials.	rejected by all
2410650	8	Such interactions are central to many technologies in quantum sensing and quantum information but are difficult to tune in real materials.	truth
2443398	3	Such impacts are especially detrimental for maintaining coherent control over large quantum systems with many particles, presenting a major challenge for advancing the frontiers of quantum technologies.	rejected by all
2443398	4	This project aims to address this challenge by developing new protocols for preserving interesting quantum properties and unraveling associated quantum phenomena in open systems comprising many particles.	rejected by all
2443398	12	The adverse effects such as decoherence and noise arising from this interaction pose a major obstacle to advancing quantum technologies.	truth
2443398	13	The proposed project aims to tackle this challenge leveraging ideas from quantum optics and quantum information science.	rejected by all
2506082	3	The research team will explore novel sensing strategies to extract more detailed information and apply these methods to a broader range of scientific and technological challenges.	rejected by all
2521400	11	The Ideas Lab is an interactive, multidisciplinary, and highly intensive workshop that is designed to foster the development of novel and transformative solutions to significant scientific challenges.	rejected by all
2522798	2	Replicating these quantum capabilities of nature using synthetic materials remains a significant goal of rational materials design and fabrication.	rejected by all
2522798	3	To overcome the bottlenecks that are intrinsic to modern materials design efforts, including costly and time-consuming synthesis and experimental characterization, the project will develop a machine learning-guided, high-throughput in silico screening platform to accelerate the discovery of functional chromophore- and qubit-DNA assemblies.	baseline
2529072	1	These efforts will aim at establishing a new paradigm of Floquet-enabled quantum detection and sensing and will open unprecedented opportunities for technology by offering advances in integrated quantum sensors, facilitating chip-scale manufacturing, and enabling nanoscale materials integration, all of which will benefit several national grand challenges for our society and will secure US leadership in chip manufacturing and quantum technologies.	rejected by all
2537094	3	However, a key challenge has been measuring single spins in molecules, where quantum features are most apparent.	truth
2537094	4	The research team seeks to address this challenge by creating molecules whose spins can be efficiently interfaced with light.	rejected by all
W1993488859	1	Precision in these experiments is strongly limited by the 1/√N shot noise factor with N being the number of probes (photons, atoms) employed in the experiment.	rejected by all
W2581653246	9	Our results highlight the opportunity presented by OPMs to generate uncooled, potentially low-cost, high SNR MEG systems.	baseline
W413523879	0	Quantum computers, though not yet available on the market, will revolutionize the future of information processing.	baseline
W4213432262	2	Here we overcome this limitation by realizing a practical quantum gravity gradient sensor.	rejected by all
W4213432262	7	The sensor parameters are compatible with applications in mapping aquifers and evaluating impacts on the water table 7 , archaeology 8–11 , determination of soil properties 12 and water content 13 , and reducing the risk of unforeseen ground conditions in the construction of critical energy, transport and utilities infrastructure 14 , providing a new window into the underground.	rejected by all
W4283731272	1	Despite providing high-quality spatiotemporal maps of electrophysiological activity, current MEG instrumentation is limited by cumbersome field sensing technologies, resulting in major barriers to utility.	rejected by all
W4283731272	2	Here, we review a new generation of MEG technology that is beginning to lift many of these barriers.	rejected by all
W4319079672	2	Biomedical applications could benefit from these quantum technologies, but it is often difficult to evaluate the potential impact of the techniques.	rejected by all

Method · 11 settings

Method

selection rule: every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped
required term: none: rule bodies were narrowed by the markers alone
note on the required term: no term was required: every barrier document was drawn for its own product's research or funding terms, and abstracts and award texts are never narrowed; no Federal Register rule was drawn into the barrier sample
barriers_openalex: for each sampled product, the 10 most-cited works naming its research terms in each of 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2020-2025, restricted to works carrying an abstract; text is the inverted index put back into reading order; a document already read for another product is read once, for the first
barriers_nsf: for each sampled product, the 10 most recent awards for its funding terms, singular and plural, over 2000-2025, newest by award date then id; text is the award's abstract; an award already read for another product is read once, for the first, so quantum networks and quantum sensing hold 9, and faster-than-light messaging holds none because no award matches its terms
barriers_federal_register: none drawn: the barrier sample follows chain two's rule, works and awards; each product's rules are counted by its regulation stage
relevance: the 20 most recent works for the root's research terms, and the 20 most recent awards for its funding terms, labelled about or not about from the document's title and text; 3 of the 20 root awards are also barrier documents, read for their products
relevance_fiction: 20 works of the fiction walk for the catalogue headings interstellar travel and teleportation, every k-th by key from the first, a pick with no year replaced by the next dated work; text is the work's own description and subjects; published is 1 January of the catalogue's year; labelled about (a work of fiction in which travel or messaging faster than light, or teleportation, appears on the record) and dated as chain two's were
relevance_clinical_trials: none: ClinicalTrials.gov holds no study for the root's testing terms
gate: Corpus.as_of(2025-12-31) at sample-build time; this run re-gates every document through the same cutoff
truth method: docs/atlas-truth-method-quantum-entanglement.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 30/34 (kappa 0.74) for quantum key distribution, 16/17 (0.88) for quantum networks, 20/24 (0.52) for quantum teleportation, 27/29 (0.79) for quantum computing, 19/21 (0.70) for quantum sensing, 27/30 (0.52) for post-quantum cryptography and 16/16 (1.00) for faster-than-light messaging; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there

Post-quantum cryptography

What was searched · 4 of 5 stages measured

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only, under the catalogue's headings for interstellar travel and teleportation: the catalogue has no heading for faster-than-light messaging, and the fiction its science promised is faster-than-light messaging and teleportation
research: post-quantum cryptography, quantum-resistant cryptography, quantum-safe cryptography
funding: post-quantum cryptography, quantum-resistant cryptography, quantum-safe cryptography
testing: post-quantum cryptography, quantum-resistant cryptography, quantum-safe cryptography
regulation: post-quantum cryptography, quantum-resistant cryptography, quantum-safe cryptography

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 980-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 14 · Post-quantum cryptography: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only, under the catalogue's headings for interstellar travel and teleportation: the catalogue has no heading for faster-than-light messaging, and the fiction its science promised is faster-than-light messaging and teleportation
funding: 69 awards in 2000–2025
testing: 0 studies registered in 2000–2025
regulation: 4 final rules, 2 proposed, in 2000–2025

Citations · 4 edges measured on this literature

Fig. 15 · edges measured on the literature of Post-quantum cryptography
edge	variant	share	reach	works citing the cited set (of works with references)	coverage (works with references / works)	references (into the cited set / all)	cited works	overlap
barcode scanner (negative control) to Post-quantum cryptography	overlap kept	0.00	0.00	0/3,594	3,594/5,875	0/99,694	920	0 removed from the cited side
barcode scanner (negative control) to Post-quantum cryptography	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.00	0.00	0/3,594	3,594/5,875	0/99,694	920	0 dropped from the citing side
Quantum entanglement to Post-quantum cryptography	overlap kept	0.004	0.06	203/3,594	3,594/5,875	367/99,694	30,726	24 removed from the cited side
Quantum entanglement to Post-quantum cryptography	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.004	0.06	201/3,577	3,577/5,851	361/99,090	30,750	24 dropped from the citing side

Score · weak · 0.32

Each bar is one component of the score, 0 to 1; the barrier penalty is taken off and drawn to the left. The score is the mean of the determined components, less the penalty.

On growth it sits 0.67 of the way from smoke detector to large language model; hand-checked barriers cost it 0.30.

How the score was worked · 5 components

growth: 0.67
dependency: 0.06
precedence: 1.00
stages: 0.75
barriers: -0.30

growth: 0.67 on a log scale where the mature control sits at 0 (3.0x) and the boom control at 1 (16,491x); smoothed growth 980x against the index's 2.6x
dependency: 0.06 of the product's works with recorded references cite at least one root work (reference coverage 0.61 of 5,875 works; 367 of 99,694 references land in the root's 30,726 works)
precedence: the root crossed a tenth of its peak in 2002, before the product in 2020
stages: 3 of 4 measured stages show signal (research 5,879, funding 69, regulation 6; testing 0)
barriers: 3 physical on 3 distinct sentences of 3 recorded; component -0.30
score: 0.32 = mean of 4 determined components (0.62) with the barrier penalty (-0.30); labelled weak

Barriers · 3 found in 40 documents read

40 documents were read for barriers; 24 of them yielded a candidate sentence, 30 candidate sentences in all. 3 hand-checked barriers were found in 3 of those documents. The other 37 documents are negatives: 21 substantive, with candidates and none of them a barrier, and 16 trivial, with no candidate at all.

Hand-checked barriers

NSF 2502912 · 2025-07-26physical

This project focuses on developing a lightweight, quantum-enabled security framework for IoT systems to address the challenges posed by quantum computing and the resource constraints of IoT systems.

OpenAlex W3021991761 · 2020-08-26physical

Especially for low cost and resource constraint devices, hardware acceleration is usually required.

OpenAlex W3217272717 · 2021-06-01physical

Simultaneously, the performance of NTT execution is its main challenge, requiring large memory and complex memory access pattern.

biological, economic, political and social barriers do not occur in this truth, so those kinds are unmeasured, not measured as zero.

The automation experiment · baseline scored, model not run

The automation experiment

Scores against the same truth
record set	precision	recall	kind accuracy	negatives clean	substantive negatives clean
baseline	1/10	1/3	0/1	29/37	13/21

The model layer has not run; its score against the same truth will appear here beside the baseline's.

Mistyped
record set	document	sentence	got	expected
baseline	W3021991761	especially for low cost and resource constraint devices, hardware acceleration is usually required.	economic	physical

Negatives that received a barrier: baseline: 2404481, W1982865346, W2895182117, W2913851998, W2953289753, W4214923837, W4254706618, W4307925365.

Every candidate sentence · 30 sentences

Every candidate sentence

What each layer kept
document	index	sentence	kept by
2404481	2	This project’s innovation will address the technical challenge of secure and privacy-preserving cryptographic key management.	rejected by all
2404481	3	Current key backup and recovery (KBR) products are cost-prohibitive, expose keys to third parties, and have recovery processes which can take up to 48 hours.	baseline
2404481	13	By addressing key technical challenges and reducing technical risk, this research will pave the way for a commercially viable and impactful product that can revolutionize the cryptocurrency security landscape.	baseline
2441647	0	For many years, cryptography has enabled a secure communication infrastructure by relying on the difficulty or "hardness" of solving special mathematical problems.	rejected by all
2451744	2	Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a post-quantum cryptography framework that supports computations directly on encrypted data, providing strong protection for sensitive data that remains encrypted during data transmission and cloud services.	rejected by all
2453370	10	This project investigates the following three aspects: (i) new fast algorithms and novel computer arithmetic techniques for the high-complexity functions/components in FALCON, targeting significant complexity reduction with dedicated design; (ii) innovative algorithm-to-architecture co-design strategies for components/modules that are difficult to design in hardware, targeting ease of hardware design with superior efficiency; (iii) a full-hardware accelerator design framework finalization for FALCON, with the consideration of practical secure implementation.	rejected by all
2453511	4	This workshop covers topics: (i) for PQC, including new design methodology, secure hardware implementation methods, and new simulation tool design and development for security assessment; (ii) for quantum computing, including novel strategies for addressing cybersecurity challenges, fault tolerance techniques, quantum risk assessment, quantum-secure ecosystem, and practical transition.	rejected by all
2502912	5	This project focuses on developing a lightweight, quantum-enabled security framework for IoT systems to address the challenges posed by quantum computing and the resource constraints of IoT systems.	truth
2530361	0	Although quantum computers capable of breaking traditional cryptosystems have not yet been realized, it is essential to prepare for this potential disruption through research and education.	rejected by all
W1543746688	40	However, applying Wagner’s algorithm is a challenge in storage-restricted environments.	rejected by all
W1982865346	0	Signcryption is a cryptographic primitive that can perform digital signature and public encryption simultaneously at a significantly reduced cost.	baseline
W1982865346	2	However, most existing signcryption schemes are seriously challenged by the booming of quantum computations.	rejected by all
W2015139338	1	Most existing Crystographic systems are based on Public key Cryptographic schemes like RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), whose security depends on the difficulty of solving Integer Factorisation Problem (IFP) and Discrete Logarithm problem (DLP) respectively.	rejected by all
W2045890225	1	Given two ordinary elliptic curves over a finite field having the same cardinality and endomorphism ring, it is known that the curves admit a nonzero isogeny between them, but finding such an isogeny is believed to be computationally difficult.	rejected by all
W2794556148	1	In particular the reader can delve into the following subjects: present cryptographic schemes (symmetric and asymmetric), differences between quantum and classical computing, challenges in quantum computing, quantum algorithms (Shor’s and Grover’s), public key encryption schemes affected, symmetric schemes affected, the impact on hash functions, and post quantum cryptography.	rejected by all
W2895182117	0	Reports on Computer Systems TechnologyThe Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation's measurement and standards infrastructure.ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology.ITL's responsibilities include the development of management, administrative, technical, and physical standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of other than national security-related information in federal information systems.	baseline
W2913851998	0	The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation's measurement and standards infrastructure.ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology.ITL's responsibilities include the development of management, administrative, technical, and physical standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of other than national security-related information in federal information systems.	baseline
W2914654142	3	In this work, we survey trends in lattice-based cryptographic schemes, some recent fundamental proposals for the use of lattices in computer security, challenges for their implementation in software and hardware, and emerging needs for their adoption.	rejected by all
W2953003524	5	It is assumed that the hardness of lattice problems in lattices over integer rings remains the same as in regular lattices.	rejected by all
W2953003524	7	The Ideal Lattice Challenge allows online submission of short vectors to enter a hall of fame for full comparison.	rejected by all
W2953289753	6	The results targeting the FPGA platform show that the proposed design can achieve high hardware efficiency with reduced hardware area costs.	baseline
W3021991761	2	Especially for low cost and resource constraint devices, hardware acceleration is usually required.	truth, baseline
W3101994345	0	Given two elliptic curves over a finite field having the same cardinality and endomorphism ring, it is known that the curves admit an isogeny between them, but finding such an isogeny is believed to be computationally difficult.	rejected by all
W3217272717	2	Simultaneously, the performance of NTT execution is its main challenge, requiring large memory and complex memory access pattern.	truth
W4214923837	8	This paper provides insights into the critical problems and difficulties related to the security, privacy, and trust issues of 6G networks.	baseline
W4214923837	9	Moreover, the standard technologies and security challenges per each technology are clarified.	rejected by all
W4214923837	11	We also introduce the security issues and challenges of the 6G physical layer.	rejected by all
W4238198773	0	Crystography, which is the combination of Cryptography and Steganography could be a suitable "tool" for enhancing the security of communications and/or computations over the cloud.Most existing Crystographic systems are based on Public key Cryptographic schemes like RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), whose security depends on the difficulty of solving Integer Factorisation Problem (IFP) and Discrete Logarithm problem (DLP) respectively.However, techniques for solving IFP and DLP problems, improves continually.Therefore, the existence of Quantum Computers in the range of 1000 bits would be a real world threat to systems based on those problems.This paper thus propose a new Crystographic System that combines Post Quantum Cryptography with Steganography to ensure that security of cloud communication is maintained both in Classical Computing era as well as Post-Quantum Computing era.	rejected by all
W4254706618	0	The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation's measurement and standards infrastructure.ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology.ITL's responsibilities include the development of management, administrative, technical, and physical standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of other than national security-related information in federal information systems.	baseline
W4307925365	8	Overall, our codesign effectively handles the heavy computation and data movement overheads of FHE, drastically reducing the cost of HE operations, including bootstrapping.	baseline

Method · 11 settings

Method

selection rule: every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped
required term: none: rule bodies were narrowed by the markers alone
note on the required term: no term was required: every barrier document was drawn for its own product's research or funding terms, and abstracts and award texts are never narrowed; no Federal Register rule was drawn into the barrier sample
barriers_openalex: for each sampled product, the 10 most-cited works naming its research terms in each of 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2020-2025, restricted to works carrying an abstract; text is the inverted index put back into reading order; a document already read for another product is read once, for the first
barriers_nsf: for each sampled product, the 10 most recent awards for its funding terms, singular and plural, over 2000-2025, newest by award date then id; text is the award's abstract; an award already read for another product is read once, for the first, so quantum networks and quantum sensing hold 9, and faster-than-light messaging holds none because no award matches its terms
barriers_federal_register: none drawn: the barrier sample follows chain two's rule, works and awards; each product's rules are counted by its regulation stage
relevance: the 20 most recent works for the root's research terms, and the 20 most recent awards for its funding terms, labelled about or not about from the document's title and text; 3 of the 20 root awards are also barrier documents, read for their products
relevance_fiction: 20 works of the fiction walk for the catalogue headings interstellar travel and teleportation, every k-th by key from the first, a pick with no year replaced by the next dated work; text is the work's own description and subjects; published is 1 January of the catalogue's year; labelled about (a work of fiction in which travel or messaging faster than light, or teleportation, appears on the record) and dated as chain two's were
relevance_clinical_trials: none: ClinicalTrials.gov holds no study for the root's testing terms
gate: Corpus.as_of(2025-12-31) at sample-build time; this run re-gates every document through the same cutoff
truth method: docs/atlas-truth-method-quantum-entanglement.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 30/34 (kappa 0.74) for quantum key distribution, 16/17 (0.88) for quantum networks, 20/24 (0.52) for quantum teleportation, 27/29 (0.79) for quantum computing, 19/21 (0.70) for quantum sensing, 27/30 (0.52) for post-quantum cryptography and 16/16 (1.00) for faster-than-light messaging; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there

Faster-than-light messaging

What was searched · 4 of 5 stages measured

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only, under the catalogue's headings for interstellar travel and teleportation: the catalogue has no heading for faster-than-light messaging, and the fiction its science promised is faster-than-light messaging and teleportation
research: faster-than-light communication, superluminal communication, superluminal signaling, superluminal signalling
funding: faster-than-light communication, superluminal communication, superluminal signaling, superluminal signalling
testing: faster-than-light communication, superluminal communication, superluminal signaling, superluminal signalling
regulation: faster-than-light communication, superluminal communication, superluminal signaling, superluminal signalling

Trajectory, 2000–2025 · research grew about 2.6-fold, the index about 2.6-fold

Fig. 16 · Faster-than-light messaging: research against the index

Each line is scaled to its own peak, printed above it; the two are not on one scale, so where they cross means nothing.

fiction: unmeasured: fiction is searched for the root only, under the catalogue's headings for interstellar travel and teleportation: the catalogue has no heading for faster-than-light messaging, and the fiction its science promised is faster-than-light messaging and teleportation
funding: 0 awards in 2000–2025
testing: 0 studies registered in 2000–2025
regulation: 0 final rules, 0 proposed, in 2000–2025

Citations · 4 edges measured on this literature

Fig. 17 · edges measured on the literature of Faster-than-light messaging
edge	variant	share	reach	works citing the cited set (of works with references)	coverage (works with references / works)	references (into the cited set / all)	cited works	overlap
barcode scanner (negative control) to Faster-than-light messaging	overlap kept	0.00	0.00	0/361	361/645	0/11,478	920	0 removed from the cited side
barcode scanner (negative control) to Faster-than-light messaging	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.00	0.00	0/361	361/645	0/11,478	920	0 dropped from the citing side
Quantum entanglement to Faster-than-light messaging	overlap kept	0.03	0.29	105/361	361/645	325/11,478	30,677	73 removed from the cited side
Quantum entanglement to Faster-than-light messaging	overlap dropped from the citing side	0.02	0.28	92/330	330/572	256/10,544	30,750	73 dropped from the citing side

Score · weak · 0.00

Each bar is one component of the score, 0 to 1; the barrier penalty is taken off and drawn to the left. The score is the mean of the determined components, less the penalty.

Its research grew no faster than smoke detector; hand-checked barriers cost it 0.30.

How the score was worked · 5 components

growth: 0.00 (clamped)
dependency: 0.29
precedence: undetermined
stages: 0.25
barriers: -0.30

growth: 0.00 on a log scale where the mature control sits at 0 (3.0x) and the boom control at 1 (16,491x), clamped at the mature control; smoothed growth 2.6x against the index's 2.6x
dependency: 0.29 of the product's works with recorded references cite at least one root work (reference coverage 0.56 of 645 works; 325 of 11,478 references land in the root's 30,677 works)
precedence: undetermined at this window (the product crossed a tenth of its peak in 2000, the window's first year)
stages: 1 of 4 measured stages show signal (research 645; funding 0, testing 0, regulation 0)
barriers: 3 physical on 3 distinct sentences of 3 recorded; component -0.30
score: 0.00 = mean of 3 determined components (0.18), precedence undetermined, with the barrier penalty (-0.30), clamped at 0.00; labelled weak

Barriers · 3 found in 30 documents read

30 documents were read for barriers; 13 of them yielded a candidate sentence, 16 candidate sentences in all. 3 hand-checked barriers were found in 3 of those documents. The other 27 documents are negatives: 10 substantive, with candidates and none of them a barrier, and 17 trivial, with no candidate at all.

Hand-checked barriers

OpenAlex W1991221911 · 2011-10-20physical

This is shown by proving that, in the semidefinite programing for the discrimination, the optimality condition corresponds to the constraint that quantum theory cannot be used for a superluminal communication.

OpenAlex W2052902519 · 2013-02-07physical

Bohmian mechanics reproduces all statistical predictions of quantum mechanics, which ensures that entanglement cannot be used for superluminal signaling.

OpenAlex W4389752145 · 2023-12-14physical

Remarkably, it was soon realized that in such theories causally disconnected regions of space-time can still exist thanks to the presence of universal horizons: causal barriers for signals of arbitrary high speed.

biological, economic, political and social barriers do not occur in this truth, so those kinds are unmeasured, not measured as zero.

The automation experiment · baseline scored, model not run

The automation experiment

Scores against the same truth
record set	precision	recall	kind accuracy	negatives clean	substantive negatives clean
baseline	0/1	0/3	0/0	26/27	9/10

The model layer has not run; its score against the same truth will appear here beside the baseline's.

Negatives that received a barrier: baseline: W2979533087.

Every candidate sentence · 16 sentences

Every candidate sentence

What each layer kept
document	index	sentence	kept by
W1850579923	2	For a charged particle, we consider two examples of such experiments, and show that they are both consistent with the previous limitation.	rejected by all
W1850579923	4	In the second, the limitation can be ascribed to the quantum vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field.	rejected by all
W1973365331	0	In the task cryptographers call bit commitment, one party encrypts a prediction in a way that cannot be decrypted until they supply a key, but has only one valid key.	rejected by all
W1991221911	2	This is shown by proving that, in the semidefinite programing for the discrimination, the optimality condition corresponds to the constraint that quantum theory cannot be used for a superluminal communication.	truth
W2026558378	1	We review this method and its application to massive gravity (mGR) theories to show the limitations of these models' physical viability: Among their problems are loss of unique evolution, superluminal signals, matter coupling inconsistencies and micro-acausality (propagation of signals around local closed time-like curves (CTCs)/closed causal curves (CCCs)).	rejected by all
W2052902519	0	Bohmian mechanics reproduces all statistical predictions of quantum mechanics, which ensures that entanglement cannot be used for superluminal signaling.	truth
W2134744273	0	The possibility that a classical space-time and quantum matter cohabit at the deepest level, i.e., the possibility of having a fundamental and not phenomenological semiclassical gravity, is often disregarded for lack of a good candidate theory.	rejected by all
W2189236306	2	We identify the scenarios in which the models' causal behavior can and cannot be cured.	rejected by all
W2651546144	2	While the lowest primary operator is a BPS scalar primary, the second-lowest scalar primary is in a semi-short representation, with dimension exactly J + 1, a fact that cannot be seen directly from the XYZ Lagrangian.	rejected by all
W2979533087	3	However, at the “local” level of a specific joint measurement, a description where entanglement is only incorporated in the state remains always possible, by adopting a fine-tuned tensor product representation.	rejected by all
W2979533087	6	In view of the numerous violations of the marginal laws observed in physics’ laboratories, it remains unclear to date if entanglement in micro-physical systems is to be understood only as an ‘entanglement of the states’, or also as an ‘entanglement of the measurements’.	baseline
W3083720039	0	Abstract Wavepacket tunneling, in the relativistic limit, is studied via solutions to the Dirac equation for a square barrier potential.	rejected by all
W3083720039	1	Specifically, the arrival time distribution (the time-dependent flux) is computed for wavepackets initiated far away from the barrier, and whose momentum is well below the threshold for above-barrier transmission.	rejected by all
W3111110728	3	We show that a Lorentz covariant collapse equation cannot simultaneously satisfy the following conditions: (i) to avoid a divergent rate of energy, (ii) to prevent superluminal signalling.	rejected by all
W4389752145	1	Remarkably, it was soon realized that in such theories causally disconnected regions of space-time can still exist thanks to the presence of universal horizons: causal barriers for signals of arbitrary high speed.	truth
W4396749630	11	Finally, we examine the form that the ‘impossible measurements’ problem takes in histories-based approaches and we discuss the remaining challenges.	rejected by all

Method · 11 settings

Method

selection rule: every sampled document reduced to the sentences carrying one of barrier.py's markers, with no surrounding context, because the sentence is the receipt a reader checks; Federal Register rule bodies narrowed further to the marker sentences that also carry run.require_term, and capped at the first 40 by sentence index, since one rule runs to hundreds of them; abstracts and award texts neither narrowed nor capped
required term: none: rule bodies were narrowed by the markers alone
note on the required term: no term was required: every barrier document was drawn for its own product's research or funding terms, and abstracts and award texts are never narrowed; no Federal Register rule was drawn into the barrier sample
barriers_openalex: for each sampled product, the 10 most-cited works naming its research terms in each of 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2020-2025, restricted to works carrying an abstract; text is the inverted index put back into reading order; a document already read for another product is read once, for the first
barriers_nsf: for each sampled product, the 10 most recent awards for its funding terms, singular and plural, over 2000-2025, newest by award date then id; text is the award's abstract; an award already read for another product is read once, for the first, so quantum networks and quantum sensing hold 9, and faster-than-light messaging holds none because no award matches its terms
barriers_federal_register: none drawn: the barrier sample follows chain two's rule, works and awards; each product's rules are counted by its regulation stage
relevance: the 20 most recent works for the root's research terms, and the 20 most recent awards for its funding terms, labelled about or not about from the document's title and text; 3 of the 20 root awards are also barrier documents, read for their products
relevance_fiction: 20 works of the fiction walk for the catalogue headings interstellar travel and teleportation, every k-th by key from the first, a pick with no year replaced by the next dated work; text is the work's own description and subjects; published is 1 January of the catalogue's year; labelled about (a work of fiction in which travel or messaging faster than light, or teleportation, appears on the record) and dated as chain two's were
relevance_clinical_trials: none: ClinicalTrials.gov holds no study for the root's testing terms
gate: Corpus.as_of(2025-12-31) at sample-build time; this run re-gates every document through the same cutoff
truth method: docs/atlas-truth-method-quantum-entanglement.md: selection rules stated there; the first reading of every barrier was by one Sonnet agent per product, blind to every other product; a blind second reader of a different model (Opus) read every candidate without the first reader's calls and agreed on barrier-or-not 30/34 (kappa 0.74) for quantum key distribution, 16/17 (0.88) for quantum networks, 20/24 (0.52) for quantum teleportation, 27/29 (0.79) for quantum computing, 19/21 (0.70) for quantum sensing, 27/30 (0.52) for post-quantum cryptography and 16/16 (1.00) for faster-than-light messaging; every disagreement was ruled by the definitions and each ruling is recorded there

§ 05

The two cohorts

A product whose barriers were never read takes a penalty of zero, which is the same number a clean sample takes, so these two groups are never ranked against each other.

Barriers sampled

Quantum key distribution: 0.26, weak
Quantum networks: 0.37, weak
Quantum teleportation: 0.11, weak
Quantum computing: 0.24, weak
Quantum sensing: 0.42, moderate
Post-quantum cryptography: 0.32, weak
Faster-than-light messaging: 0.00, weak

Barriers unsampled

none in this run

an evidence score over one chain, anchored to two controls; not a calibrated probability

§ 06

Relevance

The run's note on the sample: the sample was drawn for the root's terms, so a label says whether a document is about the root, not whether it is about any one product.

The root here is Quantum entanglement.

NSF

15/20 about the root, precision 0.75.

20 documents labelled

2434506: about
2440998: not about
2441706: about
2507504: about
2512474: about
2513089: not about
2513399: about
2514835: about
2514979: about
2525800: not about
2534342: about
2534875: about
2536027: not about
2537033: about
2537080: about
2537094: about
2537134: about
2540313: not about
2541785: about
2544563: about

Open Library

7/20 about the root, precision 0.35.

Dates checked against a second record: 6 agree, 2 disagree, 12 had no second record.

20 documents labelled

OL1000804W: about, date agrees
OL15244161W: not about, date unchecked
OL16173126W: not about, date unchecked
OL16952844W: not about, date agrees
OL17559292W: not about, date unchecked
OL19098684W: not about, date agrees
OL1960438W: not about, date agrees
OL19721645W: about, date unchecked
OL19912439W: not about, date unchecked
OL20015314W: about, date unchecked
OL20216779W: about, date unchecked
OL20935746W: not about, date agrees
OL2163696W: about, date disagrees
OL22310092W: not about, date unchecked
OL24252069W: not about, date unchecked
OL26448064W: about, date unchecked
OL28949810W: not about, date unchecked
OL43592028W: not about, date disagrees
OL53307W: about, date unchecked
OL60590W: not about, date agrees

OpenAlex

10/20 about the root, precision 0.50.

20 documents labelled

W7117649502: not about
W7117727275: about
W7117767507: about
W7117770319: about
W7117784341: about
W7117870506: not about
W7117873267: not about
W7117899164: not about
W7117902071: not about
W7117926389: not about
W7117969170: about
W7117989710: about
W7117998362: about
W7118051402: about
W7118052018: about
W7118052147: not about
W7118052155: about
W7118118941: not about
W7118133047: not about
W7122795676: not about

ClinicalTrials.gov: not sampled, the root's series counted nothing in its years.

Federal Register: not sampled, the root's series counted nothing in its years.

Documents · 309 documents read

Every document the run read
document	source	published	title	read for	selection	candidates
1753054	NSF	2018-03-20	CAREER: First-Principles Predictive Theory and Microscopic Understanding of Nonlinear Light-Matter Interactions towards Designer Nonlinear Optical Materials	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-teleportation funding terms, newest rank 10	1
1909310	NSF	2019-06-27	FET: Small: Foundations of Quantum State Learning and Testing	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-teleportation funding terms, newest rank 9	1
1936321	NSF	2019-08-05	QII-TAQS: Quantum-Enhanced Telescopy	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-teleportation funding terms, newest rank 8	1
2000331	NSF	2020-04-01	Quantized Symmetries in Operator Algebras and Quantum Information	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-teleportation funding terms, newest rank 7	0
2105583	NSF	2021-06-16	Quantum Correlations in Information Theory, Their Interplay, and Their Limitations	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-teleportation funding terms, newest rank 6	1
2110615	NSF	2021-07-16	Nonlinear Photonics for Quantum State Generation and Processing	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-teleportation funding terms, newest rank 5	0
2216201	NSF	2022-08-26	MRI: Development of Rydberg Tweezer Quantum Processor with Real-Time Optical Cavity Readout	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-teleportation funding terms, newest rank 4	1
2237004	NSF	2022-09-15	EAGER: Exploiting Quantum Tunneling for Zero Side-Channel Key Generation and Distribution	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-key-distribution funding terms, newest rank 10	2
2244365	NSF	2023-07-24	Reconfigurable, Reliable, and Secure Quantum Communication Networks	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-key-distribution funding terms, newest rank 9	0
2309025	NSF	2023-07-15	RUI: Quantum Correlations and Dynamics of Ring Sensors and Simulators	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-teleportation funding terms, newest rank 3	0
2316713	NSF	2023-11-28	FET: Small: Decoding Quantum Error-Correcting Codes for Quantum Computing and Communication	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-teleportation funding terms, newest rank 2	3
2322891	NSF	2023-07-26	Collaborative Research: CQIS: On-Chip Nanoscale Trap and Enhance Device (NOTED) for Quantum Photonics	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-key-distribution funding terms, newest rank 8	3
2322892	NSF	2023-07-26	Collaborative Research: CQIS: On-Chip Nanoscale Trap and Enhance Device (NOTED) for Quantum Photonics	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-key-distribution funding terms, newest rank 7	3
2328991	NSF	2023-08-15	ExpandQISE: Track 1: Prairie View A&M University - Virginia Tech Partnership in Quantum Science & Engineering Research and Education	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-key-distribution funding terms, newest rank 6	0
2330974	NSF	2024-01-17	FET: SHF: Small: A Verification Framework for Hybrid Classical and Quantum Protocols (VeriHCQ)	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-teleportation funding terms, newest rank 1	2
2404481	NSF	2024-09-09	SBIR Phase I: Quantum Resistant Cloud-Based Vault Service for Cryptocurrency Key Backup and Recovery	barriers	NSF award for the post-quantum-cryptography funding terms, newest rank 9	3
2410650	NSF	2025-12-31	Many-body Physics with Electrons on Helium	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-sensing funding terms, newest rank 1	2
2422832	NSF	2025-12-01	Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-computing funding terms, newest rank 6	1
2422937	NSF	2024-07-10	EAGER: Integrating Quantum Concepts and Technologies into Middle School Science Lessons	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-key-distribution funding terms, newest rank 5	0
2430244	NSF	2024-09-06	CC* Integration-Small: Quantum-Resistant Cryptography in Supercomputing Scientific Applications	barriers	NSF award for the post-quantum-cryptography funding terms, newest rank 10	0
2434506	NSF	2025-08-14	DFG-NSF Physics: Entanglement, Thermalization and Hadronization for SU(N) Gauge Theories	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 13	0
2440998	NSF	2025-08-18	CAREER: Simulating Quantum Many-Body Phenomena with Fluxonium Qubits	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 12	0
2441647	NSF	2025-02-24	CAREER: Cryptography from New Assumptions: Encrypted Computation and More	barriers	NSF award for the post-quantum-cryptography funding terms, newest rank 7	1
2441706	NSF	2025-07-30	CAREER: Photonic Quantum Technologies with Strain-Free Artificial Atoms	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 20	0
2443398	NSF	2025-08-26	CAREER: Engineering Correlated Matter in Open Quantum Systems	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-sensing funding terms, newest rank 10	4
2451744	NSF	2025-07-15	CRII: SaTC: Programming and Compilation Framework for Fast, Portable Computation on General Fully Homomorphic Encryption	barriers	NSF award for the post-quantum-cryptography funding terms, newest rank 6	1
2452043	NSF	2025-07-28	Southwest Conference on Arithmetic Geometry	barriers	NSF award for the post-quantum-cryptography funding terms, newest rank 4	0
2453370	NSF	2025-07-29	SaTC: CORE: Small: Novel Hardware Acceleration for Post-Quantum Digital Signature Scheme FALCON	barriers	NSF award for the post-quantum-cryptography funding terms, newest rank 3	1
2453511	NSF	2024-11-14	Conference: Workshop Proposal for Hardware Security in the Era of Quantum Computing & Post-Quantum Cryptography	barriers	NSF award for the post-quantum-cryptography funding terms, newest rank 8	1
2502912	NSF	2025-07-26	Excellence in Research: Quantum-Enabled Security Framework for the Internet of Things	barriers	NSF award for the post-quantum-cryptography funding terms, newest rank 5	1
2503630	NSF	2025-05-29	Collaborative Research: Sub-Shot-Noise Limited Distributed Quantum Sensing on a Commercial Metro-Scale Quantum Network via Deep-Learning-Aided Noise Suppression	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-key-distribution funding terms, newest rank 4	1
2503631	NSF	2025-05-29	Collaborative Research: Sub-Shot-Noise Limited Distributed Quantum Sensing on a Commercial Metro-Scale Quantum Network via Deep-Learning-Aided Noise Suppression	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-key-distribution funding terms, newest rank 3	1
2505736	NSF	2025-08-27	Nanoscale Chemical Imaging via Optical Transduction in Atomically-Precise Model Systems	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-sensing funding terms, newest rank 8	0
2506082	NSF	2025-08-28	GOALI: Exploring New Routes to Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Nanoscale Sensing via Virtual Atoms in Solids	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-sensing funding terms, newest rank 7	1
2507504	NSF	2025-08-27	SBIR Phase I: A Tunable Source of On-Demand Single and Entangled Photons	barriers, relevance	NSF award for the quantum-networks funding terms, newest rank 4; most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 8	1
2512474	NSF	2025-07-30	Quantum Optics with Atomic Ensembles and Arrays	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 19	0
2513089	NSF	2025-08-06	Manipulating Spinor Quantum Gases	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 14	0
2513399	NSF	2025-07-30	Polaritons and Entanglement in Ultracold Sodium Gases	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 18	0
2514835	NSF	2025-08-21	Entanglement Distribution using Optical Quantum Memory Networks	barriers, relevance	NSF award for the quantum-networks funding terms, newest rank 9; most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 9	3
2514938	NSF	2025-08-19	Exploring Mesoscale Interactions in Color Center Clusters	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-networks funding terms, newest rank 10	1
2514979	NSF	2025-08-18	NSF-BSF: Creating and Detecting 3D Neutral Atom Cluster States	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 11	0
2521400	NSF	2025-09-07	Semiconductor and Microelectronics Pathways for Learning (SAM-PL)	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-sensing funding terms, newest rank 4	1
2522101	NSF	2025-07-18	NeTS: Small: Surrogate-Assisted Full-Stack Optimization of Quantum Networks with Reinforcement Learning	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-key-distribution funding terms, newest rank 2	3
2522798	NSF	2025-09-03	DMREF: Data-driven high-throughput design of DNA nanomaterials for next-generation optoelectronic and quantum technologies	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-sensing funding terms, newest rank 5	2
2525800	NSF	2025-07-31	Nanoscale Control of Individual Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers and Their Mutual Coupling by Magnetic Tunnel Nanojunctions	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 17	0
2529072	NSF	2025-08-26	NSF-AFRL REFLEQTS: Floquet-engineered polaritonic quantum states for infrared single photon detection and sensing	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-sensing funding terms, newest rank 9	1
2530159	NSF	2025-08-26	Collaborative Research: CISE-ANR: FET: Small: Complexity theory aspects of quantum cryptography	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-networks funding terms, newest rank 8	0
2530160	NSF	2025-08-26	Collaborative Research: CISE-ANR: FET: Small: Complexity theory aspects of quantum cryptography	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-networks funding terms, newest rank 7	0
2530361	NSF	2025-08-25	AF: Small: Algorithms and Complexity of Ideal and Structured Lattices	barriers	NSF award for the post-quantum-cryptography funding terms, newest rank 1	1
2531365	NSF	2025-09-03	NQVL:QSTD:Design: Wide-Area Quantum Network to Demonstrate Quantum Advantage (SCY-QNet)	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-networks funding terms, newest rank 2	1
2534232	NSF	2025-09-03	Planning Grant: Advanced Cybersecurity for Power Distribution Infrastructure	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-networks funding terms, newest rank 1	1
2534285	NSF	2025-09-22	NSF Safe-OSE: Strengthening Critical Privacy Infrastructure	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-computing funding terms, newest rank 10	1
2534342	NSF	2025-07-31	EAGER: Creating Entangled Photonic Qubit Chip Based on Valleytronic Semiconductors	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 16	0
2534875	NSF	2025-08-19	Quantum Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy and Sensing	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 10	0
2536027	NSF	2025-07-31	EAGER: Polarization-Enabled Self-Quasi-Phase Matching for Quantum and Classical Nonlinear Optics	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 15	0
2537033	NSF	2025-09-15	MPS/CHE-EPSRC: Attosecond Photoelectron Imaging with Quantum Light	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 7	0
2537043	NSF	2025-09-15	MPS/CHE-EPSRC: Synthetic Molecular Compasses	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-sensing funding terms, newest rank 3	0
2537080	NSF	2025-09-15	MPS/CHE-EPSRC: Measuring and Understanding Quantum Entanglement in Photochemical Reactions	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 6	0
2537094	NSF	2025-09-15	MPS/CHE-EPSRC: Developing a Chemical Toolbox for Single-Qubit Entanglement	barriers, relevance	NSF award for the quantum-sensing funding terms, newest rank 2; most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 5	2
2537134	NSF	2025-09-15	MPS/CHE-EPSRC: Nanoscale Spin Entanglement and Chemistry (NanoSPINEC)	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 4	0
2537355	NSF	2025-08-18	EAGER: Unmasking HPC Abuse: AI Graph Inference from Scheduling Metadata	barriers	NSF award for the post-quantum-cryptography funding terms, newest rank 2	0
2538208	NSF	2025-12-11	Conference: 2026 Solid State Chemistry GRC and GRS	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-computing funding terms, newest rank 4	0
2540189	NSF	2025-08-28	Collaborative Research: Sub-Shot-Noise Limited Distributed Quantum Sensing on a Commercial Metro-Scale Quantum Network via Deep-Learning-Aided Noise Suppression	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-key-distribution funding terms, newest rank 1	1
2540313	NSF	2025-12-22	CAREER: Topological quantum devices as a window into strongly correlated matter	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 1	0
2541785	NSF	2025-09-15	MPS/CHE-EPSRC: Quantum Coherence and Correlations in Condensed Phase Photochemical Reaction Dynamics	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 3	0
2542086	NSF	2025-12-31	CAREER: Frontiers of Superconductivity: Unconventional, Topological, and Low-Density Systems	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-computing funding terms, newest rank 3	3
2542485	NSF	2025-12-31	CAREER: Solving the Quantum Many-Body Problem in Moire Materials with Quantum Geometry & Tensor Networks	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-computing funding terms, newest rank 2	2
2544563	NSF	2025-09-15	MPS/CHE-EPSRC: A New Framework for Exploring and Exploiting Quantum Correlations in Molecular Singlet Fission	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement award rank 2	0
2545352	NSF	2025-08-26	Collaborative Research: NSF-ANR QISE: QUANTINT: Quantum Information and Network Theory: Algorithms and Performance Limits	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-networks funding terms, newest rank 6	0
2545353	NSF	2025-08-26	Collaborative Research: NSF-ANR QISE: QUANTINT: Quantum Information and Network Theory: Algorithms and Performance Limits	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-networks funding terms, newest rank 5	0
2548888	NSF	2025-12-01	Collaborative Research: SPV: Synthesis, Profiling, and Verification of Quantum Circuits	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-computing funding terms, newest rank 5	1
2552622	NSF	2025-09-23	Conference: Quantum Industry Roundtable	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-computing funding terms, newest rank 9	1
2554813	NSF	2025-11-24	Twisted semiconductors in the semiclassical regime	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-computing funding terms, newest rank 7	0
2601606	NSF	2025-11-19	Collaborative Research: CyberTraining: Pilot: Monte Carlo General Education Network (MCGEN)	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-computing funding terms, newest rank 8	1
2611305	NSF	2025-12-31	CAREER: New Regimes of Coherent Nonequilibrium Dynamics in Quantum Many-Body Systems	barriers	NSF award for the quantum-computing funding terms, newest rank 1	0
OL1000804W	Open Library	1986-01-01	The Tachyon Web	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 1 (walk position 0)	0
OL15244161W	Open Library	2010-01-01	Star Wars - The Old Republic - Fatal Alliance	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 2 (walk position 12)	0
OL16173126W	Open Library	2009-01-01	Star Trek Vanguard - Open Secrets	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 3 (walk position 24)	0
OL16952844W	Open Library	1976-01-01	The unknown shore	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 4 (walk position 36)	0
OL17559292W	Open Library	2008-01-01	Fighting Occupants of Interstellar Craft Maintenance	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 5 (walk position 48)	0
OL19098684W	Open Library	2015-01-01	The Architect of Aeons: Book Four of the Eschaton Sequence	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 6 (walk position 60)	0
OL1960438W	Open Library	2002-01-01	The longest way home	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 7 (walk position 72)	0
OL19721645W	Open Library	2011-01-01	Teenage mutant ninja turtles	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 8 (walk position 84)	0
OL19912439W	Open Library	2014-01-01	Captain's Share (Trader's Tales From The Golden Age Of The Solar Clipper) (Volume 5)	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 9 (walk position 97)	0
OL20015314W	Open Library	2015-01-01	Thunderbird	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 10 (walk position 108)	0
OL20216779W	Open Library	2017-01-01	Pursued	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 11 (walk position 120)	0
OL20935746W	Open Library	2016-01-01	Star Trek Voyager - A Pocket Full of Lies	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 12 (walk position 132)	0
OL2163696W	Open Library	1983-01-01	Hitchhiker's Trilogy (Hitch Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy / Restaurant at the End of the Universe / Life, the Universe, and Everything)	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 13 (walk position 144)	0
OL22310092W	Open Library	2014-01-01	Star Trek Seekers - Point of Divergence	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 14 (walk position 156)	0
OL24252069W	Open Library	2011-01-01	A brief history of the future	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 15 (walk position 168)	0
OL26448064W	Open Library	2007-01-01	Lightspeed	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 16 (walk position 180)	0
OL28949810W	Open Library	2009-01-01	First contact	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 17 (walk position 192)	0
OL43592028W	Open Library	1986-01-01	ha-Ḥayim, ha-yeḳum ṿe-khol ha-sheʾar	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 18 (walk position 204)	0
OL53307W	Open Library	2004-01-01	Reflex	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 19 (walk position 216)	0
OL60590W	Open Library	1981-01-01	Downbelow station	relevance	every 12th work of the fiction walk by key, pick 20 (walk position 228)	0
W1543746688	OpenAlex	2011-01-01	Curves, codes, and cryptography	barriers	top-cited post-quantum-cryptography 2010-2014 rank 10	1
W1564718920	OpenAlex	2013-02-25	Optical Diode Made from a Moving Photonic Crystal	barriers	top-cited quantum-networks 2010-2014 rank 8	0
W1850579923	OpenAlex	2016-03-09	Experiments testing macroscopic quantum superpositions must be slow	barriers	top-cited faster-than-light-messaging 2015-2019 rank 6	2
W1912452675	OpenAlex	2015-12-01	Cavity-based quantum networks with single atoms and optical photons	barriers	top-cited quantum-networks 2015-2019 rank 3	0
W1965443961	OpenAlex	2013-06-13	Characterizing Nonclassical Correlations via Local Quantum Uncertainty	barriers	top-cited quantum-sensing 2010-2014 rank 9	0
W1970948459	OpenAlex	2012-05-01	Gaussian quantum information	barriers	top-cited quantum-teleportation 2010-2014 rank 2	0
W1973365331	OpenAlex	2011-11-11	Unconditionally secure bit commitment with flying qudits	barriers	top-cited faster-than-light-messaging 2010-2014 rank 3	1
W1974510288	OpenAlex	2013-01-28	Towards communication-efficient quantum oblivious key distribution	barriers	top-cited faster-than-light-messaging 2010-2014 rank 4	0
W1982865346	OpenAlex	2013-01-01	Efficient Lattice-Based Signcryption in Standard Model	barriers	top-cited post-quantum-cryptography 2010-2014 rank 4	2
W1982892759	OpenAlex	2014-01-01	Survey on Free Space Optical Communication: A Communication Theory Perspective	barriers	top-cited quantum-key-distribution 2010-2014 rank 1	2
W1984760921	OpenAlex	2012-03-30	Side-Channel-Free Quantum Key Distribution	barriers	top-cited quantum-key-distribution 2010-2014 rank 6	0
W1986962549	OpenAlex	2014-10-09	Quantum metrology from a quantum information science perspective	barriers	top-cited quantum-sensing 2010-2014 rank 4	0
W1987767221	OpenAlex	2011-08-16	Quantum Metrology with Entangled Coherent States	barriers	top-cited quantum-sensing 2010-2014 rank 8	0
W1988134541	OpenAlex	2014-07-31	Secure quantum key distribution	barriers	top-cited quantum-key-distribution 2010-2014 rank 3	2
W1991221911	OpenAlex	2011-10-20	No-Signaling Principle Can Determine Optimal Quantum State Discrimination	barriers	top-cited faster-than-light-messaging 2010-2014 rank 9	1
W1993292204	OpenAlex	2011-06-06	The computational complexity of linear optics	barriers	top-cited quantum-computing 2010-2014 rank 10	1
W1993488859	OpenAlex	2012-09-18	The elusive Heisenberg limit in quantum-enhanced metrology	barriers	top-cited quantum-sensing 2010-2014 rank 5	1
W1994600859	OpenAlex	2010-09-21	Complete hyperentangled-Bell-state analysis for quantum communication	barriers	top-cited quantum-teleportation 2010-2014 rank 7	0
W2001654098	OpenAlex	2014-03-05	Quantum information processing and relativistic quantum fields	barriers	top-cited faster-than-light-messaging 2010-2014 rank 7	0
W2003762972	OpenAlex	2011-05-11	Field test of quantum key distribution in the Tokyo QKD Network	barriers	top-cited quantum-key-distribution 2010-2014 rank 4	0
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W3136233239	OpenAlex	2021-03-19	Cost function dependent barren plateaus in shallow parametrized quantum circuits	barriers	top-cited quantum-computing 2020-2025 rank 7	2
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W4384277454	OpenAlex	2023-07-13	Recent progress in quantum photonic chips for quantum communication and internet	barriers	top-cited quantum-teleportation 2020-2025 rank 4	2
W4385805359	OpenAlex	2023-08-14	A Survey of Post-Quantum Cryptography: Start of a New Race	barriers	top-cited post-quantum-cryptography 2020-2025 rank 5	0
W4386135405	OpenAlex	2023-08-24	Causality and signalling in noncompact detector-field interactions	barriers	top-cited faster-than-light-messaging 2020-2025 rank 6	0
W4389373471	OpenAlex	2023-12-06	Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays	barriers	top-cited quantum-computing 2020-2025 rank 8	2
W4389752145	OpenAlex	2023-12-14	Hawking radiation in Lorentz violating gravity: a tale of two horizons	barriers	top-cited faster-than-light-messaging 2020-2025 rank 10	1
W4389990376	OpenAlex	2023-12-20	Quantum repeaters: From quantum networks to the quantum internet	barriers	top-cited quantum-networks 2020-2025 rank 2	1
W4396749630	OpenAlex	2024-05-08	Eliminating the ‘Impossible’: Recent Progress on Local Measurement Theory for Quantum Field Theory	barriers	top-cited faster-than-light-messaging 2020-2025 rank 4	1
W4396764055	OpenAlex	2024-05-09	Spooky action at a distance? A two-phase study into learners’ views of quantum entanglement	barriers	top-cited faster-than-light-messaging 2020-2025 rank 7	0
W4396918865	OpenAlex	2024-05-15	Entanglement of nanophotonic quantum memory nodes in a telecom network	barriers	top-cited quantum-networks 2020-2025 rank 9	1
W4404024323	OpenAlex	2024-11-04	Privacy-Preserving Techniques in Generative AI and Large Language Models: A Narrative Review	barriers	top-cited post-quantum-cryptography 2020-2025 rank 10	0
W613360614	OpenAlex	2010-12-31	Graph Theoretic Methods in Multiagent Networks	barriers	top-cited quantum-networks 2010-2014 rank 1	0
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W7117727275	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Quantum correlations in molecular cavity optomechanics	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 2	0
W7117767507	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Enhancing Wireless Sensor Network Security Using Quantum Cryptography	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 3	0
W7117770319	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	On the Benefits of Quantum Entanglement and Compton Kinematics for Scatter Discrimination in PET Imaging	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 4	0
W7117784341	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Controllable deterministic quantum teleportation of multiple sideband qumodes	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 5	0
W7117870506	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	The Universal Reality Interface (URI): A 7-Pillar Protocol for Athermal Matter-Modulation and Geomagnetic Displacement.	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 6	0
W7117873267	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	A·B场论:重构认知宇宙的统一场框架	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 7	0
W7117899164	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Phase Transition in High-Dimensional Semantic Manifolds: A Unified Geometric Account of Quantum Nonlocality and the Origin of Intelligence	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 8	0
W7117902071	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Innernet Theory (I): The Architecture of Reality and Its Ontological Return	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 9	0
W7117926389	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Innernet Theory (I): The Architecture of Reality and Its Ontological Return	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 10	0
W7117969170	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Image-Plane Detection of Spatially Entangled Photon Pairs with a CMOS Camera	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 11	0
W7117989710	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Continuous-variable quantum key distribution network based on entangled states of optical frequency combs	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 12	0
W7117998362	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Quantum Discord in de-Sitter Axiverse	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 13	0
W7118051402	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Continuous-variable quantum key distribution network based on entangled states of optical frequency combs	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 14	0
W7118052018	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Quantum Discord in de-Sitter Axiverse	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 15	0
W7118052147	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Lindbladian PT phase transitions	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 16	0
W7118052155	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Image-Plane Detection of Spatially Entangled Photon Pairs with a CMOS Camera	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 17	0
W7118118941	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Natural Origin IV — Atoms, Elements, Electrons, Electromagnetic Waves, and Photons	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 18	0
W7118133047	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Natural Origin IV — Atoms, Elements, Electrons, Electromagnetic Waves, and Photons	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 19	0
W7122795676	OpenAlex	2025-12-31	Innernet Theory (I): The Architecture of Reality and Its Ontological Return	relevance	most-recent quantum-entanglement work rank 20	0

§ 07

Limitations

The Open Library sample reads 7/20 of its documents about the root, a precision of 0.35: most of what it counts is not about the root.
12 of the 20 dated fiction works had no second record to check their year against, so the fiction lead rests on the catalogue's own dates.
Faster-than-light messaging scored 0.00, clamped: the mean of its components less its barrier penalty fell below zero, so the score is a floor rather than a measurement.